{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title":"回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语（第四版）","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787214205940","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","uuid":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title":"回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语（第四版）","normalized_title":"回到马克思经济学语境中的哲学话语第四版","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787214205940","isbns":["9787214205940","9783050033501","9783050033518","9783050042817","9783050033532","9783110485776","9783110457605","9783050033549","9783050033556","9783050033563","9783050033570","9783050036106","9783110517675","9783050033587","9783050033594","9783050045887","9783050033600","9783050033617","9783050033624","9783050033631","9783050033648","9783050033655","9783050046747","9783050034829","9783050045931","9783050042459","9783050033686","9783050060040","9783050042275","9783050033761","9783050038667","9783050033785","9783050033792","9783050033808","9783050033815","9783050033822","9783050041773","9783050041384","9783050041742","9783050037332","9783050037974","9783050033839","9783050033846","9783050033853","9783050033860","9783050033877","9783050033884","9783050033891","9783050033907","9783050034638","9783050034867","9783050041803","9783050049847","9783050036755","9783050060248","9783050033914","9783050033921","9783050033983","9783050033938","9783050061238","9783050033945","9783050033952","9783050033969","9783050033976","9783050034881","9783110517651","9783110583694","9783050046730","9783050033990","9783050034409"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":882,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E5%9B%9E%E5%88%B0%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%EF%BC%9A%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%AD%E5%A2%83%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%9D%E8%AF%AD%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/search"},"page":{"printed_page":244,"pdf_page":297,"physical_index":297,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"3a4231f655ce152f9757d0dee734ccbf7db834c36b66f09035b840a05b93a871"},"chapter":"第三章 人本学劳动异化史观与走向客观经济现实的复调语境","content":"在费尔巴哈对黑格尔的批判中，他直接否定了黑格尔的总体外化和异化，因为这是一种自然与观念、主语与谓语的唯心主义颠倒。于是，物质存在是第一性的，它不是观念目的论的工具。费尔巴哈进而抓住了黑格尔第二个层面上的人的感性对象性活动。在他看来，外化不是异化，而是真实的对象化现实生活，反而唯心主义和宗教神学倒成为一种类本质之异化。事情被翻转过来了。黑格尔哲学本身成了一种观念异化。在费尔巴哈看来，实际上是人的感性物质生活产生了观念，那个能够抽象出人们的类关系(“二”)的观念一步步成了绝对主体；最终，人们创造了自己类本质的异化物上帝。上帝反倒成了人的主人。人奉献给上帝的越多，他留给自身的就越少。费尔巴哈肯定对象化(外化)而反对异化！这是马克思此时的逻辑参照系。\n\n现在让我们来回答一个问题：马克思为什么要从对象化(Vergegenständlichung）入手？我们如果把马克思所使用的Vergegenständlichung译作“物化”，则完全失去了这一重要的逻辑线索。马克思在本文中14 次使用Vergegenständlichung。在不久前的《穆勒笔记》中，马克思是从货币异化出发的，这明显受到赫斯的影响。只是在那个文本的最后，马克思意识到，交换中所形成的人与人的类关系的异化是以生产为基础的。人们的交往不只是交换思想，而首先要交换产品，这就是劳动的对象化结果。从分析货币(交换)异化扩展到分析劳动对象化(生产)异化，这正是马克思超越赫斯的地方。这也是苏联学者将《穆勒笔记》(交往关系—货币异化论)硬说成是在《1844年手稿》之后写作的那种奇谈怪论根本上站不住脚的地方。\n\n有了这样一个论说视域，我们可以进一步来观察马克思对对象化的分析。马克思肯定地说：“没有自然界(Natur)，没有感性的外部世界(sinnlicheAuβenwelt),劳动者就什么也不能创造。”①自然界是劳动者用来实现自己的劳动，并由其中生产出和借以生产出自己的产品的材料。这种前提性认证，显然是一般自然唯物主义的原则认证。这个自然界既成为劳动者劳动的对象，也成为劳动者生活资料的来源。可是，在资产阶级社会的生产过程中，劳动者的劳动对象化的结果却表现为劳动者在以上两方面皆丧失了对象。这里的劳动对象化在黑格尔那里体现为“第二自然”(Die zweiteNatur)。本来“第二自然”是人类主体精神外化后对自然的提升，人类精神应该成为自然的主人，可是现在却出现了更深一层的异化。显然，这时马克思的内在思路是从黑格尔出发的，而不是以往人们所标注的表层的费尔巴哈。\n\n马克思主义研究丛书·回到马克思\n\n244","previous_page":243,"next_page":245}