{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title":"回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语（第四版）","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787214205940","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","uuid":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title":"回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语（第四版）","normalized_title":"回到马克思经济学语境中的哲学话语第四版","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787214205940","isbns":["9787214205940","9783050033501","9783050033518","9783050042817","9783050033532","9783110485776","9783110457605","9783050033549","9783050033556","9783050033563","9783050033570","9783050036106","9783110517675","9783050033587","9783050033594","9783050045887","9783050033600","9783050033617","9783050033624","9783050033631","9783050033648","9783050033655","9783050046747","9783050034829","9783050045931","9783050042459","9783050033686","9783050060040","9783050042275","9783050033761","9783050038667","9783050033785","9783050033792","9783050033808","9783050033815","9783050033822","9783050041773","9783050041384","9783050041742","9783050037332","9783050037974","9783050033839","9783050033846","9783050033853","9783050033860","9783050033877","9783050033884","9783050033891","9783050033907","9783050034638","9783050034867","9783050041803","9783050049847","9783050036755","9783050060248","9783050033914","9783050033921","9783050033983","9783050033938","9783050061238","9783050033945","9783050033952","9783050033969","9783050033976","9783050034881","9783110517651","9783110583694","9783050046730","9783050033990","9783050034409"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":882,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E5%9B%9E%E5%88%B0%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%EF%BC%9A%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%AD%E5%A2%83%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%9D%E8%AF%AD%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/search"},"page":{"printed_page":247,"pdf_page":300,"physical_index":300,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"b7b342076d6a91d18efa5911531cb1b7a1b0553c8059b07b24f002d3632882ed"},"chapter":"第三章 人本学劳动异化史观与走向客观经济现实的复调语境","content":"接着，换一个角度，从客体视角着眼，即从主体内部的活动来看，马克思进一步揭示，“异化不仅表现在结果上，而且表现在生产行为(AktderProduktion)中，表现在生产活动本身中”①。与《穆勒笔记》相比，从经济学语境中而来的经济学术语“生产”的使用率有所提高，Produktion一词出现了18次，马克思5次使用了非常专业的Überproduktion一词。产品的异化不过是生产者主体行为本身异化的结果，而劳动本身的异化是相对于上面“事物的异化”的主体活动的自我异化！异化劳动(entfremdete Arbeit)是更深一层的异化。马克思在此文中6次使用 entfremdete Arbeit。“在劳动对象的异化中不过总结了劳动活动本身的异化、外化。”②劳动者之所以被自己的产品支配，主要原因在于劳动者作为主体的创造活动本身已经被异己化了。本来应该作为人类主体本质的劳动，现在却成为不属于劳动者的本质的东西，“他在自己的劳动中不是肯定自己，而是否定自己，不是感到幸福，而是感到不幸，不是自由地发挥自己的体力和智力，而是使自己的肉体受折磨、精神遭摧残”③。在这种状况下，“外在的劳动，人在其中使自己外化的劳动，是一种自我牺牲、自我折磨的劳动”④。在马克思看来，劳动应该是主体生命的本质体现，应该是主体主动创造对象以实现自身的自由、自主和能动的活动。但是，\n\n在这里，活动就是受动(Leiden)；力量就是虚弱；生殖就是去势；劳动者自己的体力和智力，他个人的生命(因为，生命如果不是活动，那又是什么呢？)，就是不依赖于他、不属于他、反过来反对他自身的活动。这就是自我异化(die Selbstentfremdung)…⑤\n\n这是属于现象学批判的更深刻的第二个层面，即主体活动层面的异化。\n\n马克思说，从上述两个规定所“推出”的第三个异化劳动的规定，就是人与自己的类本质的异化。根据马克思此时的观点，人是不同于动物和其他生命体的类存在物。一方面马克思承认费尔巴哈所讲的人与动物一样都是自然生命的类，可是另一方面他又着重分析了人与动物族类的不同点，这就是“有意识的生命活动”，即自由自觉的活动是人的生命活动特性之显现。这也就是人的独特的类本质。这个论点显然又受到赫斯的影响。人与动物不同，动物与它的生命活动是直接同一的，而人则使自己的生命活动本身变成自己的意志和意志的对象。“有意识的生命活动把人同动物的生命活动直接区别开来。正是由于这一点，人才是类存在物。”①\n\n第三章人本学劳动异化史观与走向客观经济现实的复调语境\n\n①②③《马克思恩格斯全集》第42卷，人民出版社1979年版，第93页。\n\n④《马克思恩格斯全集》第42卷，人民出版社1979年版，第94页。\n\n⑤《马克思恩格斯全集》第42卷，人民出版社1979年版，第95页。中译文有改动。\n\n247","previous_page":246,"next_page":248}