{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title":"回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语（第四版）","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787214205940","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","uuid":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title":"回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语（第四版）","normalized_title":"回到马克思经济学语境中的哲学话语第四版","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787214205940","isbns":["9787214205940","9783050033501","9783050033518","9783050042817","9783050033532","9783110485776","9783110457605","9783050033549","9783050033556","9783050033563","9783050033570","9783050036106","9783110517675","9783050033587","9783050033594","9783050045887","9783050033600","9783050033617","9783050033624","9783050033631","9783050033648","9783050033655","9783050046747","9783050034829","9783050045931","9783050042459","9783050033686","9783050060040","9783050042275","9783050033761","9783050038667","9783050033785","9783050033792","9783050033808","9783050033815","9783050033822","9783050041773","9783050041384","9783050041742","9783050037332","9783050037974","9783050033839","9783050033846","9783050033853","9783050033860","9783050033877","9783050033884","9783050033891","9783050033907","9783050034638","9783050034867","9783050041803","9783050049847","9783050036755","9783050060248","9783050033914","9783050033921","9783050033983","9783050033938","9783050061238","9783050033945","9783050033952","9783050033969","9783050033976","9783050034881","9783110517651","9783110583694","9783050046730","9783050033990","9783050034409"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":882,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E5%9B%9E%E5%88%B0%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%EF%BC%9A%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%AD%E5%A2%83%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%9D%E8%AF%AD%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/search"},"page":{"printed_page":255,"pdf_page":308,"physical_index":308,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"4d293cb8081b04e2c139edcf546d1638ede89471b2e67193878cd2053282a931"},"chapter":"第三章 人本学劳动异化史观与走向客观经济现实的复调语境","content":"同样，在这条思路上继续拓展，马克思接下去评判了英国国民经济学的“两大功绩”：一是“把劳动提高为国民经济学的唯一原则”②。这个理论，关键在于说明工资与资本利息的反比例关系，马克思认为它实际上揭示了劳动与资本的根本对立。在此，“劳动”的概念开始大量出现了，“现代劳动”、“抽象劳动”和“积累起来的劳动”，但在此时的马克思眼里，这都不过是国民经济学的东西。马克思没有直接意识到这个所谓“劳动”被提升为经济学的“唯一原则”(劳动价值论)的更深刻的意义：一是劳动成为普遍的“一”(即后来马克思在《1857—1858年经济学手稿》中所发现的社会化的抽象劳动)，是现代大工业的客观产物；二是这种理论尺度恰恰能够翻转过来直接从经济现实上否定资产阶级社会。其实，在这时，李嘉图式的社会主义(“无产阶级的反对派”)已经这样做了。③\n\n而且，十分有意义的东西出现在马克思的第二点讨论中他并不在意的说明部分。他认为，英国国民经济学的第二个功绩是“指明了地租是最坏耕地的利息和最好耕地的利息之间的差额”，这“使土地所有者变成极其普通的、平庸的资本家，从而使对立单纯化和尖锐化，并加速这种对立的消灭”。④这个客观进程实际上是资产阶级社会对封建主义的胜利，工业、生产运动和动产对农业、土地和不动产的胜利。这是比1-1(第一笔记本第一部分)中第三点对地租的评论要深刻得多。更重要的是，马克思注意到工业与农业、动产与不动产的“历史差别”。这主要体现在这样几个理论质点上：第一，在工业中劳动成为对自己内容“漠不关心”，“从其他一切存在中抽象出来的”完全独立的存在。与那种和特定的不动产(土地)相依存的特殊形式的具体劳动不同，新的劳动自身获得了自由，并在工业生产中成为一种“抽象”的形式。马克思此时仍然没有意识到，前面他所否定的斯密、李嘉图等人的国民经济学理论“抽象”，实际上不过是现实中这个客观历史“抽象”的逻辑反映。有关这一点，马克思也是在后来的《1857—1858年经济学手稿》中才理解的。第二，说明“获得行动自由的和本身有单独构成的工业和获得行动自由的资本是劳动的必然发展”。因为，由自由的劳动发展和客观“积累”而成的工业资本，是一种与过去那种“不动的地产(das immobile Grundeigentum)”根本异质的东西，这就是不断发生变化和流动的财富动产(Mobiliareigentum)。以下，我们会专门讨论这个意义深远的“动产”。第三，就是“工业对它的对立面的支配立即表现在作为真正工业活动的农业的产生上”①。\n\n第三章人本学劳动异化史观与走向客观经济现实的复调语境\n\n①②《马克思恩格斯全集》第42卷，人民出版社1979年版，第105页。中译文有改动。\n\n③参见本书第五章第二节。\n\n④参见《马克思恩格斯全集》第42卷，人民出版社1979年版，第106页。\n\n255","previous_page":254,"next_page":256}