{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title":"回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语（第四版）","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787214205940","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","uuid":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title":"回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语（第四版）","normalized_title":"回到马克思经济学语境中的哲学话语第四版","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787214205940","isbns":["9787214205940","9783050033501","9783050033518","9783050042817","9783050033532","9783110485776","9783110457605","9783050033549","9783050033556","9783050033563","9783050033570","9783050036106","9783110517675","9783050033587","9783050033594","9783050045887","9783050033600","9783050033617","9783050033624","9783050033631","9783050033648","9783050033655","9783050046747","9783050034829","9783050045931","9783050042459","9783050033686","9783050060040","9783050042275","9783050033761","9783050038667","9783050033785","9783050033792","9783050033808","9783050033815","9783050033822","9783050041773","9783050041384","9783050041742","9783050037332","9783050037974","9783050033839","9783050033846","9783050033853","9783050033860","9783050033877","9783050033884","9783050033891","9783050033907","9783050034638","9783050034867","9783050041803","9783050049847","9783050036755","9783050060248","9783050033914","9783050033921","9783050033983","9783050033938","9783050061238","9783050033945","9783050033952","9783050033969","9783050033976","9783050034881","9783110517651","9783110583694","9783050046730","9783050033990","9783050034409"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":882,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E5%9B%9E%E5%88%B0%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%EF%BC%9A%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%AD%E5%A2%83%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%9D%E8%AF%AD%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/search"},"page":{"printed_page":266,"pdf_page":319,"physical_index":319,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"8a46c1bc3e81614ffef7fc4c6609ff367a8cc0080ce8080a2e0007dd33e80c02"},"chapter":"第三章 人本学劳动异化史观与走向客观经济现实的复调语境","content":"接着，马克思开始用阿拉伯数字分小节详尽说明这一问题。\n\n第一小节是说明共产主义的最初形式。马克思认为，这种共产主义“不过是私有财产关系的普遍化和完成”①。它有两种形式：第一种是粗陋的原始的共产主义。马克思曾在1843年致卢格的信中，将这种共产主义称之为“只不过是人道主义原则的特殊表现”，“还没有摆脱它的对立面即私有制的存在的影响”。②更具体地说有四个特点，一是“物质的直接占有是生活和存在的唯一目的”；二是异化劳动成为普遍的存在形式，因为“劳动者这个范畴并没有被取消，而是被推广到一切人身上”；三是它并不想真正消灭私有财产，只是打算均分私有财产，所以“私有财产关系仍然是整个社会同实物世界的关系”；最后是共妻制，这同样是将妇女从私有财产变为公有财产的形式转变。③\n\n第二小节指认了共产主义的第二种形式，即以国家的力量来建立共产主义，或者是通过消灭国家来实现共产主义。对这一类共产主义，马克思没有详细评说。马克思认为，这两种共产主义虽然都已经把它们自己理解为人的自我异化的扬弃从而向人自身的复归，但都还没有摆脱对私有财产的消极理解，也不能真正理解私有财产的本质。\n\n在第三小节里，马克思突然界说了自己的共产主义观点：\n\n共产主义是私有财产即人的自我异化的积极的扬弃(positiveAufhebung)，因而是通过人并且为了人而对人的本质的真正居有(wirklicheAneignung)；因此，它是人向自身、向社会的(gesellschaftlichen，即人的)人的复归(Rückkehr des Menschen)，这种复归是完全的、自觉的而且保存了以往发展的全部财富的。这种共产主义，作为完成了的自然主义，等于人道主义，而作为完成了的人道主义，等于自然主义(Naturalismus=Humanismus)，它是人和自然界之间、人和人之间的矛盾的真正解决(wahreAuflösung)，是生存(Existenz)和本质、对象化和自我确证、自由和必然(Freiheit undNotwendigkeit)、个体和类之间的斗争的真正解决。它是历史之谜(Rätsel der Geschichte)的解答，而且知道自已就是这种解答。①\n\n马克思主义研究丛书·回到马克思\n\n①参见《马克思恩格斯全集》第42卷，人民出版社1979年版，第117页。\n\n②参见《马克思恩格斯全集》第1卷，人民出版社1956年版，第416页。\n\n③参见《马克思恩格斯全集》第42卷，人民出版社1979年版，第118页。\n\n266","previous_page":265,"next_page":267}