{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title":"回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语（第四版）","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787214205940","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","uuid":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title":"回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语（第四版）","normalized_title":"回到马克思经济学语境中的哲学话语第四版","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787214205940","isbns":["9787214205940","9783050033501","9783050033518","9783050042817","9783050033532","9783110485776","9783110457605","9783050033549","9783050033556","9783050033563","9783050033570","9783050036106","9783110517675","9783050033587","9783050033594","9783050045887","9783050033600","9783050033617","9783050033624","9783050033631","9783050033648","9783050033655","9783050046747","9783050034829","9783050045931","9783050042459","9783050033686","9783050060040","9783050042275","9783050033761","9783050038667","9783050033785","9783050033792","9783050033808","9783050033815","9783050033822","9783050041773","9783050041384","9783050041742","9783050037332","9783050037974","9783050033839","9783050033846","9783050033853","9783050033860","9783050033877","9783050033884","9783050033891","9783050033907","9783050034638","9783050034867","9783050041803","9783050049847","9783050036755","9783050060248","9783050033914","9783050033921","9783050033983","9783050033938","9783050061238","9783050033945","9783050033952","9783050033969","9783050033976","9783050034881","9783110517651","9783110583694","9783050046730","9783050033990","9783050034409"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":882,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E5%9B%9E%E5%88%B0%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%EF%BC%9A%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%AD%E5%A2%83%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%9D%E8%AF%AD%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/search"},"page":{"printed_page":510,"pdf_page":563,"physical_index":563,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"19c95526c11798fbfa3219165158d4970c76aeb10f209f19002ffa26bb336c9d"},"chapter":"第六章 马克思科学世界观的理论建构","content":"在马克思的理解中，“分工起初只是性行为方面的分工，后来由于：天赋(例如体力)、需要、偶然性等等而自发地或自然形成的(natürwüchsig)分工。分工只是从物质劳动和精神劳动(materiellen undgeistigenArbeit)分离的时候才真正成为分工”①。前者是自然分工，后者是社会分工的一个主要方面。分工造成了一种新的可能：“分工不仅使精神活动和物质活动、享受和劳动、生产和消费由不同的个人来分担这种情况成为可能，而且成为现实”②。于是马克思指出，正是由于分工才造成了生产力、社会状况和意识三个因素之间的客观矛盾。换句话说，“要使这三个因素彼此不发生矛盾，则只有消灭分工”③！很显然，马克思这里的分析并非十分精准，因为分工作为生产力的一种技术层面的运作方式即劳动分工本身是不可能被消灭的。确切地说，马克思实际要消灭的是束缚人的奴役性劳动的社会分工，即劳动者分工。这表明了马克思对经济学范畴初步使用中的某种不确定性。对这些问题，马克思在后来的经济学研究中才逐步思考清楚。此时，马克思认为分工有如下特性：\n\n第一，分工导致劳动及产品的不平等分配，从而也产生了所有制。马克思认为，“以家庭中自然形成的分工和社会分裂为单个的、相互对立的家庭”为基础，这种分工本身就包含了矛盾。因为家庭的这种分工，实际上是丈夫对妻子和儿女的奴役，这种“家庭奴隶制”完全符合现代经济学对所有制(私有制)的定义，即“所有制是对他人劳动力的支配”。④这样，在马克思心里就出现了一个等式：“分工和私有制表达的是同一件事情(Teilung der Arbeit und Privateigentum identische Ausdrücke),—个是就活动而言，另一个是就活动的产品而言。”⑤这是分工与第一个“坏东西”(私有制)的挂钩。\n\n第二，分工的发展也产生了单个人(或单个家庭)的利益与所有相互交往的个人的共同利益之间的矛盾。这种共同利益即“普遍的东西”，首先是作为“分工的个人之间的相互依存关系”客观地存在于现实当中。国家作为代表“公共利益”的一种独立的形式，在社会生活中表征了一种“虚幻的共同体(Gemeinwesen)”(其背后是真实发生的阶级之间的斗争)。在国家、法这类东西中，统治阶级常常把“自己的利益也说成是普遍的利益”①。在现实的个人生存中，这种普遍的东西往往是“异己的”和“不依赖”于个人的，并与个人相互对峙。这是第二个“坏东西”。\n\n马克思主义研究丛书·回到马克思\n\n①[德]马克思恩格斯：《费尔巴哈》，人民出版社1988年版，第26页。\n\n②③[德]马克思恩格斯：《费尔巴哈》，人民出版社1988年版，第27页。\n\n④参见[德]马克思恩格斯《费尔巴哈》，人民出版社1988年版，第28页。\n\n⑤[德]马克思恩格斯：《费尔巴哈》，人民出版社1988年版，第27页。\n\n510","previous_page":509,"next_page":511}