{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title":"回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语（第四版）","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787214205940","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","uuid":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title":"回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语（第四版）","normalized_title":"回到马克思经济学语境中的哲学话语第四版","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787214205940","isbns":["9787214205940","9783050033501","9783050033518","9783050042817","9783050033532","9783110485776","9783110457605","9783050033549","9783050033556","9783050033563","9783050033570","9783050036106","9783110517675","9783050033587","9783050033594","9783050045887","9783050033600","9783050033617","9783050033624","9783050033631","9783050033648","9783050033655","9783050046747","9783050034829","9783050045931","9783050042459","9783050033686","9783050060040","9783050042275","9783050033761","9783050038667","9783050033785","9783050033792","9783050033808","9783050033815","9783050033822","9783050041773","9783050041384","9783050041742","9783050037332","9783050037974","9783050033839","9783050033846","9783050033853","9783050033860","9783050033877","9783050033884","9783050033891","9783050033907","9783050034638","9783050034867","9783050041803","9783050049847","9783050036755","9783050060248","9783050033914","9783050033921","9783050033983","9783050033938","9783050061238","9783050033945","9783050033952","9783050033969","9783050033976","9783050034881","9783110517651","9783110583694","9783050046730","9783050033990","9783050034409"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":882,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E5%9B%9E%E5%88%B0%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%EF%BC%9A%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%AD%E5%A2%83%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%9D%E8%AF%AD%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/search"},"page":{"printed_page":583,"pdf_page":636,"physical_index":636,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"c603af4c321c0ab084cc8e7f66fd16c74dc4b0e225ebabd5947858a209f38035"},"chapter":"第八章 《1857—1858年经济学手稿》与历史唯物主义","content":"在等级的范围内，个人的享受，个人的物质变换，取决于个人所从属的一定的分工。在阶级的范围内，则只取决于个人所能占有的一般交换手段。在前一种情况下，个人作为受社会限制的主体，进入由他的社会地位所限制的交换。在后一种情况下，个人作为一般交换手段的所有者，进入同社会为万物的这一代表者所能提供的一切东西的交换。①\n\n在过去那种情况下，收入的性质仍然取决于谋得收入的性质，而不像现在这样单纯取决于一般交换手段的量。所以，那时“工人能够与社会发生的并且能够掌握的那种联系，是无比狭窄的，而进行社会的物质生产和精神生产的物质变换的社会组织，从一开始就受到一定方式和特殊内容的限制”②。而在现在的资产阶级社会中，一切都被彻底打破了。在今天的这种交换中，“质的阶级差别消失在量的差别之中，消失在购买者拥有的货币的多少中”③；金钱的量消灭了阶级的质性差别，“货币作为阶级对立的最高表现，同时使宗教的、等级的、智力的和个人的差别变得模糊。”④这是因为，\n\n在这种交换行为中，转化成货币的收入的特性消失了，一切阶级的个人都变得模糊而消失在买者的范畴中，他们在这里同卖者相对立。这就产生了一种假象，即在这种买卖的行为中看到的不是阶级的个人，而是没有阶级性的单纯进行购买的个人。⑤\n\n表面上看，自由平等似乎真的实现了。\n\n可是，马克思在更深的层面上发现，“资产阶级社会”的症结正隐藏在这“表面的平等”现象背后。单纯的交换并没有改变“总的客观存在的阶级关系”，即工人与资本家的根本对立。马克思还透视到，这种交换本身就表明了“事先存在着一定的社会关系”，这才使财富“具有资本的性质”。①他认为，“进行社会的物质生产和精神生产的物质变换(Stoffwechsel mit den materiellen)的社会组织，从一开始就受到一定方式和特殊内容的限制(bestimmte Weise und einenbesondren Inhalteingeschränkt)”②。资本是一种社会关系。正是资本产生着“一定方式和特殊内容的限制”，使作为社会存在基础的生产过程本身发生了根本的变化，“资产阶级社会”生存的秘密并不在于商品(财富)流通中的交换关系，而在于资本关系支配下的生产过程。关于这一点的思考，未完成的《反思》手稿并没有展开。\n\n第八章《1857—1858年经济学手稿》与历史唯物主义\n\n①《马克思恩格斯全集》第44卷，人民出版社1982年版，第161—162页。\n\n②《马克思恩格斯全集》第44卷，人民出版社1982年版，第162—163页。\n\n③④《马克思恩格斯全集》第44卷，人民出版社1982年版，第163页。\n\n⑤《马克思恩格斯全集》第44卷，人民出版社1982年版，第162页。\n\n583","previous_page":582,"next_page":584}