{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title":"回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语（第四版）","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787214205940","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","uuid":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title":"回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语（第四版）","normalized_title":"回到马克思经济学语境中的哲学话语第四版","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787214205940","isbns":["9787214205940","9783050033501","9783050033518","9783050042817","9783050033532","9783110485776","9783110457605","9783050033549","9783050033556","9783050033563","9783050033570","9783050036106","9783110517675","9783050033587","9783050033594","9783050045887","9783050033600","9783050033617","9783050033624","9783050033631","9783050033648","9783050033655","9783050046747","9783050034829","9783050045931","9783050042459","9783050033686","9783050060040","9783050042275","9783050033761","9783050038667","9783050033785","9783050033792","9783050033808","9783050033815","9783050033822","9783050041773","9783050041384","9783050041742","9783050037332","9783050037974","9783050033839","9783050033846","9783050033853","9783050033860","9783050033877","9783050033884","9783050033891","9783050033907","9783050034638","9783050034867","9783050041803","9783050049847","9783050036755","9783050060248","9783050033914","9783050033921","9783050033983","9783050033938","9783050061238","9783050033945","9783050033952","9783050033969","9783050033976","9783050034881","9783110517651","9783110583694","9783050046730","9783050033990","9783050034409"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":882,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E5%9B%9E%E5%88%B0%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%EF%BC%9A%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%AD%E5%A2%83%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%9D%E8%AF%AD%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/search"},"page":{"printed_page":599,"pdf_page":652,"physical_index":652,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"0693008d62abd0745d67ec47d969ddafda68d6141a9d84befef6b6a7290be06e"},"chapter":"第八章 《1857—1858年经济学手稿》与历史唯物主义","content":"马克思在创立广义历史唯物主义时，已经充分认识到这一点。\n\n关于抽象的问题，其实也是一个极其复杂的理论难题。亘古至今人们对抽象已经有过相当多的不同层面的论述，如观念抽象(经验抽象)与主观抽象(内省抽象)，客观现实的抽象(工业与交换)与经济学的科学抽象。抽象的类型也有所不同。如柏拉图的抽象理念就不是以工业为基础，而是以感性经验直观之上的理性抽象为基础的。此外，还有东方式的易经之类的抽象。实际上，我已经多次暗示，离马克思历史唯物主义比较近的抽象认识，是资产阶级政治经济学从配第到李嘉图对资本主义经济现实的科学抽象。这种抽象(含社会唯物主义)，实际上是构成历史唯物主义方法论的重要基础。\n\n但如果从更深一层来分析这个问题，我们就会看到，对抽象问题的思考还涉及“多”和“一”的关系，即现象与本质的关系问题。一般来说，抽象总是从现象中抽选出共相(本质)来。我们可以说，抽象观念的发展就是从“多”(经验现象)到“一”(理性概念)。概念是事物的类，是对共相和规律的主观指认。从“多”到“一”，也正是哲学本身的发端，如古希腊的爱利亚学派所指认的万物背后的第一存在，万变中的不变。这也就是从柏拉图理念(相)论到中世纪一神论(“绝对本质”)，直至黑格尔绝对观念的步步深化的逻辑布展。可是，当人类社会发展过程步入资本主义经济过程时，过去观念的抽象开始直接发生在客观社会生活现实中，成为现实的客观“抽象”。马克思在《1857—1858年经济学手稿》中才发现，资本主义生产方式在社会化大生产中、商品经济在市场的竞争与交换中，似乎不断实现着某种客观的从“多”向“一”的抽象转化：首先是以工业为基础的生产一般(标准化和齐一化的初始发生)，无差别的劳动一般(抽象劳动的基础)，然后是市场交换中必然出现的价值一般。价值(等价物)交换(同一性，Identität)是人们在社会生活中真正的“类”(劳动)关系，价值(通过交换价值表现)的出现是人类社会走向抽象整体性的真正开始。从劳动到价值、货币再到资本的过程，存在着一个完整的客观抽象的历史逻辑。只有在资本主义生产方式中，资本才成为当代社会存在中“普照的光”。这种过去在神幻中出现的“上帝之城”的“一”，现在由工业历史地创造出来，但这一次不是绝对观念的世界历史，而是资本开辟的真实的现实世界历史。在今天，也就是征服世界的美元、欧元这样的硬通货。正是通过它，才建构出人类社会现实的真正同一性。后来阿多诺反对的正是这种同一性的钳制，而海德格尔等人没有充分注意到它的存在。这种在资本主义经济生活中现实发生的客观抽象，才是资产阶级古典经济学特别是李嘉图科学抽象的基础，也是黑格尔思辨哲学和马克思1845—1847年哲学抽象的基础。\n\n第八章《1857—1858年经济学手稿》与历史唯物主义\n\n599","previous_page":598,"next_page":600}