{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title":"回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语（第四版）","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787214205940","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","uuid":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title":"回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语（第四版）","normalized_title":"回到马克思经济学语境中的哲学话语第四版","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787214205940","isbns":["9787214205940","9783050033501","9783050033518","9783050042817","9783050033532","9783110485776","9783110457605","9783050033549","9783050033556","9783050033563","9783050033570","9783050036106","9783110517675","9783050033587","9783050033594","9783050045887","9783050033600","9783050033617","9783050033624","9783050033631","9783050033648","9783050033655","9783050046747","9783050034829","9783050045931","9783050042459","9783050033686","9783050060040","9783050042275","9783050033761","9783050038667","9783050033785","9783050033792","9783050033808","9783050033815","9783050033822","9783050041773","9783050041384","9783050041742","9783050037332","9783050037974","9783050033839","9783050033846","9783050033853","9783050033860","9783050033877","9783050033884","9783050033891","9783050033907","9783050034638","9783050034867","9783050041803","9783050049847","9783050036755","9783050060248","9783050033914","9783050033921","9783050033983","9783050033938","9783050061238","9783050033945","9783050033952","9783050033969","9783050033976","9783050034881","9783110517651","9783110583694","9783050046730","9783050033990","9783050034409"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":882,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E5%9B%9E%E5%88%B0%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%EF%BC%9A%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%AD%E5%A2%83%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%9D%E8%AF%AD%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/search"},"page":{"printed_page":616,"pdf_page":669,"physical_index":669,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"8ef1ef64f6ef5363ff536ee2df13ca2acab6dc71134fc2db3aeca90f952223cf"},"chapter":"第八章 《1857—1858年经济学手稿》与历史唯物主义","content":"其次，我发现，马克思实际同样不赞成作为资产阶级政治经济学对象的前提一般生产。马克思认为，“说到生产，总是指在一定社会发展阶段（bestimmten gesellschaftlichenEntwicklungsstufe）上的生产——社会个人的生产(Produktion gesellschaftlicher Individuen)”②。按照历史唯物主义的观点，一旦提及生产就只能是一定历史条件下的生产，即“把历史发展过程在它的各个阶段上一一加以研究，或者一开始就要声明，我们指的是某个一定的历史时代(bestimmtenhistorischenEpoche)”，比如现代资产阶级社会中的生产(modernenbürgerlichenProduktion)，马克思说，这是他此处将要研究的问题。可是，这并不是说就不能对生产进行抽象，如“生产的一切时代有某些共同标志，共同规定”。这就是生产一般。生产一般不同于一般生产。前一个“生产一般”指的是生产的抽象，后一个“一般生产”则是指由“一个个特殊的生产部门——如农业、畜牧业、制造业等”构成的生产的“总体”，即“一定的社会体即社会的主体在或广或窄的由各生产部门组成的总体中活动着”。③马克思分析道，即使这个生产的一般本身也是由许多不同的历史部分抽出来的共同点构成的，“其中有些属于一切时代，另一些是几个时代共有的，有些规定是最新时代和最古时代共有的”。④第一种是在所有社会生产过程中都必须存在的主体(人)和客体(自然)，第二种是在私有制条件下的一些社会生产特有的(如所有制、市场交换)，第三种是原始共同体与共产主义社会共有的(如公有制)。马克思进一步指出，谈论生产一般更重要的是不能忘记生产的历史存在的“本质的差别”。然而，资产阶级经济学家的谬误正在于从这个生产一般出发，从而抹杀了社会生产的历史性差别，将资本这个特定历史条件下的社会关系变成“一种一般的、永存的自然关系”，这样，也就认证了“现存社会关系（sozialenVerhältnisse)永存与和谐”。①\n\n马克思主义研究丛书·回到马克思\n\n①《马克思恩格斯全集》第19卷，人民出版社1963年版，第404—405页。\n\n②《马克思恩格斯全集》第46卷上册，人民出版社1979年版，第22页。\n\n③参见《马克思恩格斯全集》第46卷上册，人民出版社1979年版，第23页。\n\n④参见《马克思恩格斯全集》第46卷上册，人民出版社1979年版，第22页。\n\n616","previous_page":615,"next_page":617}