{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title":"回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语（第四版）","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787214205940","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","uuid":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title":"回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语（第四版）","normalized_title":"回到马克思经济学语境中的哲学话语第四版","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787214205940","isbns":["9787214205940","9783050033501","9783050033518","9783050042817","9783050033532","9783110485776","9783110457605","9783050033549","9783050033556","9783050033563","9783050033570","9783050036106","9783110517675","9783050033587","9783050033594","9783050045887","9783050033600","9783050033617","9783050033624","9783050033631","9783050033648","9783050033655","9783050046747","9783050034829","9783050045931","9783050042459","9783050033686","9783050060040","9783050042275","9783050033761","9783050038667","9783050033785","9783050033792","9783050033808","9783050033815","9783050033822","9783050041773","9783050041384","9783050041742","9783050037332","9783050037974","9783050033839","9783050033846","9783050033853","9783050033860","9783050033877","9783050033884","9783050033891","9783050033907","9783050034638","9783050034867","9783050041803","9783050049847","9783050036755","9783050060248","9783050033914","9783050033921","9783050033983","9783050033938","9783050061238","9783050033945","9783050033952","9783050033969","9783050033976","9783050034881","9783110517651","9783110583694","9783050046730","9783050033990","9783050034409"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":882,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E5%9B%9E%E5%88%B0%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%EF%BC%9A%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%AD%E5%A2%83%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%9D%E8%AF%AD%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/search"},"page":{"printed_page":626,"pdf_page":679,"physical_index":679,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"bc6b526dc155d46fa2c72b018ad24552493bba9439d93df02c85d88fc8d70173"},"chapter":"第八章 《1857—1858年经济学手稿》与历史唯物主义","content":"请注意，这个劳动正是马克思此时“从抽象到具体”中的那个抽象的起点。在此我又想说，从具体到抽象再到具体可能不仅仅是一种理论逻辑表述的方法，同时它还更深远地预示着人类社会历史发展到资本主义本身的历史性结构。何以见得？因为这个劳动作为当代资本主义社会历史存在的现实的一般，实际上是被颠倒地表现出来的，同时它还是一种现实关系的事物化和“异化”。一旦谈及异化问题，我们首先要注意这里的劳动与《1844年手稿》中劳动的差别。《1844年手稿》中的劳动(类本质)不是一种现实存在，而是一种价值悬设，是“应该”；这里的劳动则是资本主义大工业生产现实中的一般，即没有差别的劳动，它只有在资本主义大工业生产中才出现。这个一般，不是现象多次重复的主观抽象，而已经成为一种人类历史性生存的具体的现实关系。更重要的是，这种劳动一般在资本主义的经济现实中也不是以它直接的感性形式表现出来，而是经过了无数经济中介才得以呈现。这是人类劳动的一种新的社会存在形式。在资本主义分工与交换的体系以及分工与交换的矛盾中，人的生存被剥夺了五彩斑斓的丰富性，而只能是一种片面的历史生存。在过去的社会中，个人的劳动是全面的，对社会来说，劳动本身并不构成有机整体。而资本主义分工使个人的劳动失去全面性，必然成为片面性历史生存，然而社会正是在这种专业化分工与交换中第一次成为有机的经济运作系统。正是这种劳动片面性，使独立的个人作为互相需要的人群互相联系起来，并且彼此互补，形成当代“市民社会”。这种客观的总体性是一种新的强制和奴役，每一个个人的劳动由于分工都被扯裂为碎片，都变得片面化，从而无法直接得以实现，只有通过市场交换由社会(他人)的需要作为中介才可能得到实现。因此，劳动必然一分为二，作为物质内容构成的有目的、有一定形式的具体劳动创造物品的使用价值，而作为新的社会构成形式的与具体形式无关的一般劳动消耗的抽象劳动则形成供交换所用的价值，这样，劳动的自然属性与社会属性就历史性地分离了。在交换中，价值形式的发展历经了这样的过程：从物物交换到简单价值形式，再发展到扩大了的价值形式，进而演变为一般价值形态即货币。在市场竞争中，物品的价值实现了向价格的转化。至此，人的劳动已经在交换中获得了一种特殊的社会存在形式，它原本是人与人相互交换的直接劳动成果关系，现在则表现为一种经过市场中介的物与物的关系。这样一来，在个人眼中，物的社会历史属性常常与物的自然属性混淆起来，如“资本的物质要素和资本的社会形式”形同一体，从而使物和人的暂时的社会历史属性变成永恒的。这也就意味着，在资产阶级市民社会中人的直观不能使人看到社会本质的真相，物与人都笼罩在拜物教之中。资产阶级政治经济学永远无法逃出这种雾障重重的魔界。①\n\n马克思主义研究丛书·回到马克思\n\n626","previous_page":625,"next_page":627}