{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title":"回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语（第四版）","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787214205940","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","uuid":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title":"回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语（第四版）","normalized_title":"回到马克思经济学语境中的哲学话语第四版","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787214205940","isbns":["9787214205940","9783050033501","9783050033518","9783050042817","9783050033532","9783110485776","9783110457605","9783050033549","9783050033556","9783050033563","9783050033570","9783050036106","9783110517675","9783050033587","9783050033594","9783050045887","9783050033600","9783050033617","9783050033624","9783050033631","9783050033648","9783050033655","9783050046747","9783050034829","9783050045931","9783050042459","9783050033686","9783050060040","9783050042275","9783050033761","9783050038667","9783050033785","9783050033792","9783050033808","9783050033815","9783050033822","9783050041773","9783050041384","9783050041742","9783050037332","9783050037974","9783050033839","9783050033846","9783050033853","9783050033860","9783050033877","9783050033884","9783050033891","9783050033907","9783050034638","9783050034867","9783050041803","9783050049847","9783050036755","9783050060248","9783050033914","9783050033921","9783050033983","9783050033938","9783050061238","9783050033945","9783050033952","9783050033969","9783050033976","9783050034881","9783110517651","9783110583694","9783050046730","9783050033990","9783050034409"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":882,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E5%9B%9E%E5%88%B0%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%EF%BC%9A%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%AD%E5%A2%83%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%9D%E8%AF%AD%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/search"},"page":{"printed_page":643,"pdf_page":696,"physical_index":696,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"abf829f85bd96ed3316472b6f485f401fe5c5192fc7c144e1ca043290dbe7a66"},"chapter":"第九章 经济学语境中的历史现象学","content":"3.“三大社会形式”与社会关系颠倒的历史前提\n\n实际上，在上面的文本讨论中，我们侧重于从经济学语境中提炼马克思的哲学逻辑。现在，读者将直接遭遇马克思在《1857—1858年经济学手稿》的经济学讨论中的第一个哲学激活点。这个激活点是在第1笔记本第20页的下半页突然喷薄而出的，并且一直持续活跃到第24页。①我将这种哲学性的经济学历史分析看成是历史唯物主义历史性原则的一种深入贯彻和新的深化，它恰恰也是历史现象学的历史分析之基础。我觉得，这种经济学历史分析的直接目的当然是否定资产阶级经济学的非历史性，也就是说，今天的资本主义生产关系既不是从来就存在的，也不是必将永远存在的。因此，我们就需要有一种历史性的眼光，需要有一种历史性的分析，即追问人的关系过去是什么，现在是什么，以后又将是什么。这种分析是一种历史本质的科学定位，它也是学界一般所讲的“三大社会形式”理论。但我以为，这不是对历史的一种实证的考察，而是一种交织着一种很深的哲学逻辑的历史分析，这种分析，可以用“三有”或“两实一可能”来概括。\n\n我们已经知道，马克思在《导言》中提出了一个人体与猴体的比喻。人体是资本主义经济生产方式，而猴体则是前资本主义社会。依这个逻辑，共产主义则是发展了的更高级的健康的人体。以我的看法，与以往人本主义逻辑中的“应该”与“是”的对立大相径庭的是，1845年以后，现实的历史(客观的“是”或“有”)已成为马克思科学理论的前提。这是一种历史的先有、现有与后有的“三有”关系，或者是两个现实人类生存历史时期和一个历史走向的现实可能性。准确地说，在马克思看来，现实的历史也显示了人类历史发展中简单的生存机体与高级的复杂机体的关系。如果我们将史前简单的人类生存机体视为人类历史存在的直接形式，那资本主义社会的经济复杂机体反而以颠倒的形式出现了，这就是在上一目最后马克思所提出的颠倒和异化。关键的问题在于，这种颠倒是相对于什么而言的？《1844年手稿》中的人本学异化是相对于理想化的劳动这个“类本质”的颠倒，可是这里的颠倒又指向什么呢？显然，它是针对劳动关系本身的客观颠倒，对这种客观颠倒的思考正是我们前面所说的马克思又一次从劳动本位出发进行主体性批判的着眼点。可是，此处的“劳动”，究竟是过去自然经济中那种直接性的个人具体劳动，还是未来共产主义社会中作为人的第一需要的非奴役的劳动活动？特别值得我们思考的是，这个颠倒和异化中还有没有“应该”？让我们来具体分析。\n\n第九章 经济学语境中的历史现象学\n\n①参见《马克思恩格斯全集》第46卷上册，人民出版社1979年版，第102—111页。\n\n643","previous_page":642,"next_page":644}