{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title":"回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语（第四版）","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787214205940","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","uuid":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title":"回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语（第四版）","normalized_title":"回到马克思经济学语境中的哲学话语第四版","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787214205940","isbns":["9787214205940","9783050033501","9783050033518","9783050042817","9783050033532","9783110485776","9783110457605","9783050033549","9783050033556","9783050033563","9783050033570","9783050036106","9783110517675","9783050033587","9783050033594","9783050045887","9783050033600","9783050033617","9783050033624","9783050033631","9783050033648","9783050033655","9783050046747","9783050034829","9783050045931","9783050042459","9783050033686","9783050060040","9783050042275","9783050033761","9783050038667","9783050033785","9783050033792","9783050033808","9783050033815","9783050033822","9783050041773","9783050041384","9783050041742","9783050037332","9783050037974","9783050033839","9783050033846","9783050033853","9783050033860","9783050033877","9783050033884","9783050033891","9783050033907","9783050034638","9783050034867","9783050041803","9783050049847","9783050036755","9783050060248","9783050033914","9783050033921","9783050033983","9783050033938","9783050061238","9783050033945","9783050033952","9783050033969","9783050033976","9783050034881","9783110517651","9783110583694","9783050046730","9783050033990","9783050034409"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":882,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E5%9B%9E%E5%88%B0%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%EF%BC%9A%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%AD%E5%A2%83%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%9D%E8%AF%AD%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/search"},"page":{"printed_page":682,"pdf_page":735,"physical_index":735,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"ed716b71d69549c3488f223e4c9d8f3fcd36b48776a5b345291676692454ede5"},"chapter":"第九章 经济学语境中的历史现象学","content":"从而它就只能作为工人而存在。因此，能够成为资本的对立面的唯一的使用价值，就是劳动(而且是创造价值的劳动，即生产劳动)。①\n\n在1861—1863年的经济学研究中，马克思再次确认了这一点。②在马克思看来，这种使用价值只有在资本的要求和推动下，才可能变成现实，因为没有对象的活动不过是纸上谈兵，其实什么也不是。这种劳动就是历史为资本生存而准备的！它的唯一存在形式就是被资本吸血！没有资本的剥削，劳动就无法生存。这是劳动主体不得不低三下四地自动屈从于资本主义经济统治的根本所在。伊格尔顿说，“主体低三下四的屈从恰是资产阶级社会制度的一般特征”③。此语真乃单刀直入，切中要害。\n\n经过这样的现象学分析之后，让我们再回到工人与资本家的“平等”交换上来。从上面的讨论我们可以得知，表面上存在的这种资本主义经济交换是简单交换，双方都得到一个等价物。工人得到货币，资本家获得商品(劳动)，这个商品的价格似乎正好等于支付它的货币。工人在这个交换中也是以平等者的身份与资本家分庭抗礼，似乎二者平起平坐。依据马克思后来的看法，“资本家和工人之间所进行的交换，完全符合交换规律，不仅符合，而且是交换的最高发展”④。不过，这是我们看到的飘浮于表面的东西，而如果我们以刚才所确定的狭义历史唯物主义的尺度去观察，情况就截然不同。马克思强调道:在资本与劳动的交换上面，第一步行为是交换，和普通的商品流通一模一样，这是一种平等的交换；可是，第二步行为则是在性质上与交换根本不同的一种过程。因为，马克思发现，事实上在这一交换中资本家付出的是一定数量的货币(实际上这还是对象化劳动，即工人过去创造出来的劳动成果)，而工人并不是出卖劳动(这一点看法使马克思的认知水平立刻超出了《雇佣劳动与资本》中相近观点的水平)，“工人出卖的是对自己劳动的支配权，这种劳动是一定的劳动，一定的技能等等”①。这是马克思剩余价值理论革命最重要的起步。由此，工人获得了维系自己生存的必要条件的一定数量的货币，而“资本换进的这种劳动是活劳动，是生产财富的一般力量，是增加财富的活动”②。现象学还原后的本质异质性在于，资本家换回的劳动支配权实际上恰恰是创造价值的源泉。马克思在后面的论述中指出，对于工人来说，这个自由交换的最后阶段是劳动能力作为商品、作为价值，来同商品、同价值相交换；劳动能力是作为对象化劳动购得的，而劳动能力的使用价值却在于活劳动，在于创造交换价值。\n\n马克思主义研究丛书·回到马克思\n\n①《马克思恩格斯全集》第46卷上册，人民出版社1979年版，第228页。中译文将此处的vergegenständlichten译作“物化”，我将其改译为“对象化”。—本书作者第三版注。\n\n②参见《马克思恩格斯全集》第47卷，人民出版社1979年版，第33页。\n\n③[英]伊格尔顿：《美学意识形态》，王杰译，广西师范大学出版社1997年版，第158页。\n\n④《马克思恩格斯全集》第46卷下册，人民出版社1980年版，第186页。\n\n682","previous_page":681,"next_page":683}