{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"6254e091-fea7-4580-ad1e-08ddba85762d","title":"理性的权威","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787532763450","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"6254e091-fea7-4580-ad1e-08ddba85762d","id":"6254e091-fea7-4580-ad1e-08ddba85762d","uuid":"6254e091-fea7-4580-ad1e-08ddba85762d","title":"理性的权威","normalized_title":"理性的权威","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787532763450","isbns":["9787532763450"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":171,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/6254e091-fea7-4580-ad1e-08ddba85762d","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%83%E5%A8%81","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/6254e091-fea7-4580-ad1e-08ddba85762d/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/6254e091-fea7-4580-ad1e-08ddba85762d/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/6254e091-fea7-4580-ad1e-08ddba85762d","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/6254e091-fea7-4580-ad1e-08ddba85762d/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/6254e091-fea7-4580-ad1e-08ddba85762d/search"},"page":{"printed_page":67,"pdf_page":75,"physical_index":75,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"70b78c6f2bd0cbad3c253b365e1de8d0bdd8242173db5465951cb3db5e208e5f"},"chapter":"The Last Word理性的权威","content":"2\n\n笛卡儿自己(在第一沉思中)拒绝承认这种优先权。我认为他哪怕就是暂时地接受这样一个假设也是错的，即一个恶魔可能钻进了他的头脑中以致他错误地认为2+3=5，或一个正方形有四条边。那将会要求他进行以下的思考：“在以下两种可能性之中我不能作出决断：(a)因为它是对的，所以我相信2+3=5;(b)我相信它仅仅是因为恶魔操纵了我的精神。后一种情况下，我的信念也许是错的，2+3也许等于4或3或其他任何东西。”\n\n基于两个原因，这种想法是难以理解的。首先，它包含了也许2+3=4这样一个“思想”，后者并没有被赋予一定意义，而且也不可能通过恶魔可能操纵了他的精神这一外部的、非算术的思想而获得一定的意义。①其次，认定存在这样两种相互排斥的可能性，并且他不具有如何在其中作出选择的必要基础，这一判断本身就是一个理性的活动。通过对此进行思考，笛卡儿事实上已经隐涵地表明了他对于一阶逻辑思想的坚定不移的依恋，对此，即使是他的思想处于被操纵之下的这样一种可能性也无法加以动摇。换句话说，如果不隐涵地对此予以排除，他甚至都无法去思考这种可能性的意涵。\n\n四 逻 辑\n\n067\n\n①对此作出一定的限定是必要的。“2+3=4”并不是无意义的。它具有足够的意义以致必定是假的，并可作为一个归谬法的前提或结论进入到推理之中。然而，尽管一个人出于论证的目的可以假设2+3=4,或从某些假定可以推出2+3=4,我们仍无法去思考(也许)2+3=4。","previous_page":66,"next_page":68}