{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"6501a938-d72c-455e-aee4-85513a77faa5","title":"帝国：全球化的政治秩序","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787214049100","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"6501a938-d72c-455e-aee4-85513a77faa5","id":"6501a938-d72c-455e-aee4-85513a77faa5","uuid":"6501a938-d72c-455e-aee4-85513a77faa5","title":"帝国：全球化的政治秩序","normalized_title":"帝国全球化的政治秩序","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787214049100","isbns":["9787214049100"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":416,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/6501a938-d72c-455e-aee4-85513a77faa5","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%9A%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%A7%A9%E5%BA%8F","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/6501a938-d72c-455e-aee4-85513a77faa5/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/6501a938-d72c-455e-aee4-85513a77faa5/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/6501a938-d72c-455e-aee4-85513a77faa5","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/6501a938-d72c-455e-aee4-85513a77faa5/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/6501a938-d72c-455e-aee4-85513a77faa5/search"},"page":{"printed_page":218,"pdf_page":236,"physical_index":236,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"76ca2fb34f5c8fd10d09d7eb4504297aa33a56073b51c078fb9cbe273052991a"},"chapter":"第十章 帝国主义的局限","content":"对外界的需求\n\n马克思分析了资本对扩张的持续需求，他首先聚焦于“实现(扩张)”的过程，继而关注作为生产者的工人和作为商品消费者的工人之间不平等的数量关系。②“实现”的问题是驱使着资本越过自身的疆界和摆出走向世界市场的趋势的要素之一。为了理解这一问题，我们须从剥削开始。“首先，”在《政治经济学批判大纲》里我们读到，“资本必须逼迫劳动者超出必要劳动，做出剩余劳动。只有这样，资本才能自己增殖价值，创造剩余价值。”工人的工资(对应于必要劳动)必须小于工人生产的绝对价值。而这一剩余价值为了实现自身就必须找到足够的市场。既然每个工人须产出比他或她消费得更多的价值，对工人作为消费者的要求从不能满足剩余价值的需求。在一个封闭的体系内，资本主义的生产和交换过程就这样由一系列限制所定义：资本把必要劳动时间当作活劳动能力交换价值的限制，把剩余劳动时间当作必要劳动时间的限制，因而把剩余价值当作剩余劳动时间的限制。所有这些限制都来源于一个单一的限制，它由作为生产者的工人和消费者的工人之间的不平等关系所定义。\n\n政治学前沿系列·帝国\n\n① Karl Marx,Grundrisse(New York:Vintage,1973)。关于马克思对资本主义生产的内在“限制”的讨论，见 Capital,vol.3(London:Penguin,1981)。\n\n②下列争论引出了消费不足主义的理论幽灵，这种理论主张不能消费生产的所有商品是资本主义的致命缺陷，必将导致崩溃。许多马克思主义和非马克思主义的经济学家已经令人信服地辩驳所有的观点：资本主义的过多生产或过少消费的趋势将导致毁灭。关于马克思与卢森堡对消费不足主义论点的评价，见Michael Bleaney，Under-Consumption Theories(NewYork:International Publishers, 1976): and Ernest Mandel, “Introduction to Karl Marx\",Capital, vol.2,(Harmondsworth;Penguin,1977)。N.B.在 Imperialism and the Accumula-tion of Capital, ed. Kenneth Tarbuck(London: Alien Lane,1972)中对罗莎·卢森堡的批判颇具影响力。我们应指出建立在数量计算基础上的经济必然性有时是形式，但从来不是马克思或卢森堡的论点的实质。任何必然性是真正历史的和社会的。马克思和卢森堡所识别的是一种经济限制，它有助于解释资本如何已被历史地驱赶或引导着去扩张，移到其自身以外并将新市场融入到它的范围之内。\n\n218","previous_page":217,"next_page":219}