{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"6501a938-d72c-455e-aee4-85513a77faa5","title":"帝国：全球化的政治秩序","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787214049100","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"6501a938-d72c-455e-aee4-85513a77faa5","id":"6501a938-d72c-455e-aee4-85513a77faa5","uuid":"6501a938-d72c-455e-aee4-85513a77faa5","title":"帝国：全球化的政治秩序","normalized_title":"帝国全球化的政治秩序","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787214049100","isbns":["9787214049100"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":416,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/6501a938-d72c-455e-aee4-85513a77faa5","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%9A%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%A7%A9%E5%BA%8F","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/6501a938-d72c-455e-aee4-85513a77faa5/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/6501a938-d72c-455e-aee4-85513a77faa5/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/6501a938-d72c-455e-aee4-85513a77faa5","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/6501a938-d72c-455e-aee4-85513a77faa5/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/6501a938-d72c-455e-aee4-85513a77faa5/search"},"page":{"printed_page":220,"pdf_page":238,"physical_index":238,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"ff46dd081a04171f69a35ff7c12b5b49b4a6f55d4bff24097a14e680617bb42b"},"chapter":"第十章 帝国主义的局限","content":"为了实现生产过程中产生的剩余价值并避免过度生产导致的贬值，马克思认为资本必须扩展它的领地：所以以资本为根据的生产有一个条件，那就是要生产一个连续扩大的流通圈，不管这个圈是直接被扩大的或者在这个圈内有更多的地点作为生产地点被创造出来。扩展流通圈(即流通领域)可以通过用新的需求进一步强化资本主义范围内的现有市场；但工人能得到消费的工资数量和资本家对积累的需求成为阻碍这一扩张的坚固限制。另一种可能则是，将新的人口带进资本主义关系可以创造更多的消费者，可这不能稳定供需间基本不平等的关系，即创造的价值与涉及到的无产者和资本家的人口所消费的价值之间的关系。②相反，新的无产者总会是他们所创造价值的不充分的市场，这样他们总是仅仅在更大的规模上重新产生相同的问题。③惟一有效的解决方法就是让资本向自身以外看，发现交换商品和实现它们价值的非资本主义市场。资本主义范围之外的流通领域的扩张代替了不稳定的不平等。\n\n罗莎·卢森堡发展了马克思对“实现”问题的分析，但她改变了这一分析的推理过程。卢森堡得出了这样的事实：作为依赖其外在因素的标志，为了资本实现剩余价值，非资本家的外来消费者是真正最基本的需求。资本主义是“第一种不能靠自身生存的经济模式，它需要其他经济体制作为一种中介和土壤”①。资本是这样一种机制，若不能持续越过疆界，接受外在环境的滋养，便不能维持自身的生存。它的外界是基本因素。\n\n政治学前沿系列·帝国\n\n① Marx, Capital,3:352.\n\n②关于生产和市场的扩张，见Marx,Grundrisse;Capital，1:910-911;2:470-471;3:349-355。\n\n③“资本主义生产的真正限制是资本自身。”Marx,Capital,3:358。\n\n220","previous_page":219,"next_page":221}