{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17","title":"第三次浪潮","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787508685069","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17","id":"6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17","uuid":"6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17","title":"第三次浪潮","normalized_title":"第三次浪潮","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787508685069","isbns":["9787508685069"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":482,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E6%B5%AA%E6%BD%AE","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17/search"},"page":{"printed_page":110,"pdf_page":128,"physical_index":128,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"2c61bd896e4d7408288f81dc33805e6c3c1dbca9f86600c42a0810a66f578589"},"chapter":"第九章 工业现实观","content":"新的空间观正好配合新的时间观。准时和计划为时间定下了许多界限，空间也受到越来越多的限制。线性的观念不仅为时间所独有，连空间也有对应物。\n\n在工业时代之前，直线的路程（不论陆路还是海路）是一件反常的事。农村小路、牛踩小径、印第安人的足迹都随地势蜿蜒，许多围墙都以不规则的角度迁回曲折，中世纪城市的街道彼此交错、缠绕。\n\n第二次浪潮社会不仅把船只安排在直线的航程上航行，而且建造出平行直线的铁轨。美国规划官员格雷迪·克莱（GradyClay）指出，这些铁路线（线这个字本身就暴露出线性的观念）成为新城市的交通线，形成格子形状的铁路网。格子形状加上直线和90°角，形成城市景观中一种特殊的规律和直线状态。\n\n在现在城市中较古老的街区，仍然可以看到许多方形、圆形广场和复杂的交叉道路。在工业时代或者其后建筑的城市里，这些景观不见踪影，代之以统一的格子状规划。地区和国家也是如此。\n\n机械化使得农田也呈直线状。工业时代以前的农民用牛来耕田，自然形成弯曲、不规则的线条。农民不愿意止住牛的脚步，随它耕到农田的尽头，在田地上形成一条“S”形的曲线。今天，任何人从飞机上向下望，都可以看到农田呈笔直的方块状。\n\n直线和直角的混合不仅见于田野和街道，而且见于现代人的私人空间—他们居住的房屋。在工业时代的建筑中很少能见到弯曲的墙壁和非直角的角度。整齐的长方体取代了形状不规则的房屋，高耸的建筑把直线带入天际，以直线或格子组成的窗户呈现在大片\n\n第三次浪潮\n\n110","previous_page":109,"next_page":111}