{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17","title":"第三次浪潮","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787508685069","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17","id":"6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17","uuid":"6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17","title":"第三次浪潮","normalized_title":"第三次浪潮","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787508685069","isbns":["9787508685069"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":482,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E6%B5%AA%E6%BD%AE","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17/search"},"page":{"printed_page":240,"pdf_page":258,"physical_index":258,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"bfb88bfff22bd2a8624c9c00ef8b4dc3a83b867d71df29a18a8dcf794ed32abd"},"chapter":"第十八章 大企业的危机","content":"在第二次浪潮时代，企业被视为商业单位，而一般人对大企业的指责也多半侧重经济事件。批评者指控其剥削劳工、压榨顾客、组织卡特尔以操控价格、生产劣质商品，但不论批评者的指控多么严重，大部分人都仍然接受大企业的观点，视之为商业组织。\n\n今天的批评者却持完全不同的看法。他们认为商业不可以与政治、道德和其他生活层面分离。他们主张大企业不仅应对业绩负责，而且应对从空气污染到企业主管情绪压力过大等副作用负责。因此诸如石棉中毒、将穷人当作药物实验对象、扭曲非工业国家的发展、种族和性别歧视、组织秘密活动和欺诈事件等均令大企业备受指责。此外，大企业支持某些恶名昭彰的政权和政党，例如智利的法西斯将领、南非的种族主义者，这种做法亦使大企业成为众矢之的。\n\n问题不在于这些指控是否公正（事实上，这些指控都属实)，最重要的是这些指控背后的意义。因为第三次浪潮为大企业带来了新的期望，大企业不仅要生产和获利，而且要协助解决复杂的生态、道德、政治、种族、性别等社会问题。\n\n企业在批评者、立法机关和其内部管理层的敦促下，不再以专业化的商业机构自命，而逐渐成为一个多目标的组织。\n\n五大压力\n\n企业界目标的转移并不是出于自由选择，而是生产情况发生五项革命性改变的必然结果。生态环境、社会力量、信息地位、政府机构、道德观念这五项改变均迫使大企业迈向多目标之途。\n\n第一种压力来自生态环境的改变。\n\n第三次浪潮\n\n240","previous_page":239,"next_page":241}