{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17","title":"第三次浪潮","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787508685069","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17","id":"6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17","uuid":"6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17","title":"第三次浪潮","normalized_title":"第三次浪潮","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787508685069","isbns":["9787508685069"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":482,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E6%B5%AA%E6%BD%AE","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17/search"},"page":{"printed_page":453,"pdf_page":471,"physical_index":471,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"241c753f25e1751ef3e5dda83f1a9a7ac63982fc0e80ab997a8b1a885d97b0b3"},"chapter":"第二十八章 21 世纪的民主","content":"影响社会的民主程度。\n\n在工业社会之前，劳动分工还很粗放，变化也很缓慢，推动事务进行的政治和管理决策很少，决策压力很小。受过一点儿教育、非专业化的领导阶层就可以独立处理事情，自行承担整个决策压力。\n\n我们现在所谓的民主是在决策负荷突然超过旧领导阶层的应付能力时才产生出来的。第二次浪潮的来临带来了贸易扩张、精细的劳动分工，社会跃入一个复杂的新阶段，当时决策混乱的情形正和今日第三次浪潮时代一样。\n\n结果，旧领导团体的决策能力被否定了，人们不得不起用新的领导阶层和分支领导阶层来应付决策负荷。革命性的新政治机构也因而崛起。\n\n工业社会日趋复杂，领导阶层也不得不继续起用新人手帮助他们处理繁重的决策。这一不可见的政治程序使越来越多中产阶层进入政治圈内。决策的需求增加，行政机构的分支部门增加，也必须起用更多人手。\n\n第二次浪潮国家许多激烈的政治冲突都和领导阶层的新职位分配有关，比如美国黑人要求统一，英国工会会员要求平等的教育机会，妇女争取政治权利。\n\n然而，在任何时期，政府领导阶层所能吸收的人员都有一个限度，而这一限度是依决策压力的分量而定的。\n\n不论第二次浪潮社会如何掩饰，许多人都在种族、性别等考虑下被排除于领导阶层之外。经过一段时间，社会跃入一个更为复杂的新境界，决策负荷加重，原先被排斥的团体意识到这个新机会，就会努力争取平等的权利，领导阶层也会因而把门开得大一点儿，整个社会可以感受到更为民主的气氛。\n\n第二十八章21世纪的民主\n\n453","previous_page":452,"next_page":454}