{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17","title":"第三次浪潮","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787508685069","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17","id":"6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17","uuid":"6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17","title":"第三次浪潮","normalized_title":"第三次浪潮","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787508685069","isbns":["9787508685069"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":482,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E6%B5%AA%E6%BD%AE","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17/search"},"page":{"printed_page":53,"pdf_page":71,"physical_index":71,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"012801a0ce6bbbbc95915d887f377558df9ac9fd5c9930c0b765d94e34241021"},"chapter":"第四章 打破规则","content":"除了能源和工作趋向集中化外，斯坦·科恩（StanCohen）在英国社会学刊物《新社会》(NewSociety）中指出，除了个别例外情况外，在工业主义出现以前，“穷人要么待在自己家，要么去亲戚家；犯人被囚禁、鞭打或四处流逐；疯子被关在家里，如果没有钱过活就由地方予以补助”。总之，这些人遍布各地。\n\n工业革命改革了这一情况。事实上，19世纪初被称为“大监禁时代”—当时，犯人被集中关在监狱里，精神病患者被集中关在疯人院里，孩子被集中关在学校里，就像工人被集中关在工厂里一样。\n\n集中化的趋势同样见于资本往来，第二次浪潮文明产生了大公司，以及托拉斯和垄断企业。到20世纪60年代中叶，美国三大汽车公司的产量占全美汽车产量的94%；在德国，大众、奔驰、欧宝和德国福特4家公司占有91%的全国汽车产量；在法国，雷诺、雪铁龙、西姆卡和标致占有100%的市场份额；在意大利，菲亚特一家占有90%的全国汽车产量。\n\n同样地，在美国，80%以上的铝、啤酒、香烟和早餐食品是由四五家该行业的龙头企业生产的；在德国，92%的石膏板和染料、98%的摄影胶卷、91%的工业用缝纫机，都是由相关行业的4家及4家以下龙头企业生产的。这样高度集中化的名单还可以一直列下去。\n\n第四章 打破规则\n\n053","previous_page":52,"next_page":54}