{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17","title":"第三次浪潮","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787508685069","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17","id":"6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17","uuid":"6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17","title":"第三次浪潮","normalized_title":"第三次浪潮","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787508685069","isbns":["9787508685069"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":482,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E6%B5%AA%E6%BD%AE","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/6c8738ac-131b-4594-8c38-912b14f40f17/search"},"page":{"printed_page":58,"pdf_page":76,"physical_index":76,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"3cc9634445ebd12da900e002578c43e4186ccb7a041d74c5852d2db53c5c7080"},"chapter":"第四章 打破规则","content":"正如企业史学家艾尔弗雷德·D.钱德勒（Alfred D. Chandler）所言，铁路很快就成为其他大型组织的模范，而集权化的管理被认为是所有第二次浪潮社会最先进、最成熟的工具。\n\n在政治方面，第二次浪潮也鼓励进行集权化。美国早在18世纪80年代末就用比较集权的《美国宪法》取代了《邦联条例》。第一次浪潮的乡村团体反对中央政府的集权作风，但是由汉密尔顿领导的第二次浪潮商业利益集团在《联邦党人文集》(TheFederalistPapers①）中主张，强有力的中央政府是不可或缺的，不仅是出于军事和外交原因，更是为了经济上的增长。\n\n1787年产生的《美国宪法》是一次巧妙的妥协。由于第一次浪潮的势力仍然很强，《美国宪法》为各州而非中央政府保留了很大的权力。为了避免中央政府过于集权，《美国宪法》中规定立法权、行政权、司法权三权分立，但是其表述留有余地，允许联邦政府大肆扩张其权力。\n\n工业化推动政治体系朝更集权的方向发展，华盛顿的联邦政府因而取得了大量的权力和责任，将更多的决策权把持在中央手中。同时，联邦政府的权力由国会和法院转移到三权分立中最集权化的行政机构。尼克松执政时，曾被历史学家阿瑟·施莱辛格（ArthurSchlesinger，他自己也曾强烈主张中央集权化）抨击为“帝王总统”。\n\n第三次浪潮\n\n①原书省略单词Papers。——编者注\n\n058","previous_page":57,"next_page":59}