{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"72c4da97-7cf2-441a-a985-c1252297d6a3","title":"人工智能的进化 计算机思维离人类心智还有多远","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787508685670","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"72c4da97-7cf2-441a-a985-c1252297d6a3","id":"72c4da97-7cf2-441a-a985-c1252297d6a3","uuid":"72c4da97-7cf2-441a-a985-c1252297d6a3","title":"人工智能的进化 计算机思维离人类心智还有多远","normalized_title":"人工智能的进化计算机思维离人类心智还有多远","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787508685670","isbns":["9787508685670"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":216,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/72c4da97-7cf2-441a-a985-c1252297d6a3","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E7%9A%84%E8%BF%9B%E5%8C%96%20%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E6%80%9D%E7%BB%B4%E7%A6%BB%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA%E8%BF%98%E6%9C%89%E5%A4%9A%E8%BF%9C","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/72c4da97-7cf2-441a-a985-c1252297d6a3/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/72c4da97-7cf2-441a-a985-c1252297d6a3/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/72c4da97-7cf2-441a-a985-c1252297d6a3","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/72c4da97-7cf2-441a-a985-c1252297d6a3/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/72c4da97-7cf2-441a-a985-c1252297d6a3/search"},"page":{"printed_page":146,"pdf_page":157,"physical_index":157,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"62318155f76a1c09323eb65aec6084c2d60ec513471502faea42dbafd68b5936"},"chapter":"第9章","content":"那么第二个问题呢?专家们对此有着不同的意见。直到20世纪90年代左右，麦卡锡提出的基于知识的方法都始终占据主流。但是GOFAI的研究却一直止步不前，为两个基本的未解之题所阻拦：\n\n·要用什么样的符号结构来表达智能系统的想法？\n\n·要怎样处理符号才能传播其代表的想法，以便它们以正确的方式影响行为？\n\n这两个问题分别被称作表示和推理问题。\n\n知识表示与推理\n\n1958年，当麦卡锡首次提出他对人工智能的看法和研究计划时，他已经将有关的知识表示和推理问题详细地纳入自己的论文“常识编程”(ProgramswithCommonSense)中。他设想的系统能够将存储的知识作为一阶谓词演算的符号公式，即20世纪初为数学形式化而开发的人工逻辑语言。在他设想的系统中，推理包含计算推导，换句话说，这个系统能够计算其所存储知识的逻辑后果。麦卡锡如是说：\n\n人工智能的进化\n\n146","previous_page":145,"next_page":147}