{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"72c4da97-7cf2-441a-a985-c1252297d6a3","title":"人工智能的进化 计算机思维离人类心智还有多远","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787508685670","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"72c4da97-7cf2-441a-a985-c1252297d6a3","id":"72c4da97-7cf2-441a-a985-c1252297d6a3","uuid":"72c4da97-7cf2-441a-a985-c1252297d6a3","title":"人工智能的进化 计算机思维离人类心智还有多远","normalized_title":"人工智能的进化计算机思维离人类心智还有多远","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787508685670","isbns":["9787508685670"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":216,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/72c4da97-7cf2-441a-a985-c1252297d6a3","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E7%9A%84%E8%BF%9B%E5%8C%96%20%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E6%80%9D%E7%BB%B4%E7%A6%BB%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA%E8%BF%98%E6%9C%89%E5%A4%9A%E8%BF%9C","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/72c4da97-7cf2-441a-a985-c1252297d6a3/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/72c4da97-7cf2-441a-a985-c1252297d6a3/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/72c4da97-7cf2-441a-a985-c1252297d6a3","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/72c4da97-7cf2-441a-a985-c1252297d6a3/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/72c4da97-7cf2-441a-a985-c1252297d6a3/search"},"page":{"printed_page":180,"pdf_page":191,"physical_index":191,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"64482c07ce187918effb6b22140ed6bee9f2515a8ec1edd6906a87d28006a1fe"},"chapter":"第5章 有经验的学习与没有经验的学习","content":"我举的鳄鱼和棒球的例子最早出现于 Logic and the complexityof reasoning一文（发表于1988年)，后来在 On ourbest behavior一文中再次使用过。Reasoning from imcomplete knowledge 和 Onclosedworlddata bases中有对封闭世界假设的解释。威诺格拉德模式由我在 The Winograd Schema Challenge 中提出，The WinogradSchemaChallenge中有更详细的介绍。首个示例模式（由特里·威诺格拉德提出）出现在UnderstandingNatural Language—书中。模式的来源广泛，五花八门，在网页https://www.cs.nyu.edu/davise/papers/WS.html上可以找到这些问题的合集，涵盖了100多个问题。2014年7月，纽昂斯通信公司(NuanceCommunications)宣布将于2016年7月举办威诺格拉德模式赛。（更多信息，请参考http:/commonsensereasoning.org/winograd.html。)\n\n与之类似的另外一种测试是文本蕴含挑战赛(参见The PASCAL recognising textual entailment challenge )o\n\n第5章 有经验的学习与没有经验的学习\n\n我们的绝大多数知识都习自间接经验，这一事实让哲学家们暂时停止了关于智能离开身体是否可能的争论。例如，如果这种智能无法将语言与真实感觉联系起来，那它如何能够真正地理解“饿”这种词呢?这就是所谓符号接地问题(The symbolgrounding problem)。如果我们知道的只是一个个相互指代的单词，那么怎样才能理解一个词的含义呢?(这个关于“文字游戏的问题会在下一章介绍海伦·凯勒时出现。）当然，艾伦·图灵的想法是，我们对于这样的问题根本不必理会。“理解”这个词太过含糊，而且存在争议。恰恰相反，我们该问的问题是：有没有可能让人工智能程序拥有与人一样的能力，按照上述单词的意思行事。简而言之，就是我们期望通过符号接地问题看到什么样的整脚行为？\n\n人工智能的进化\n\n180","previous_page":179,"next_page":181}