{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"7519e7db-a39f-4ca7-adbd-76f73bc8f355","title":"微粒社会 数字化时代的社会模式","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787508679136","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"7519e7db-a39f-4ca7-adbd-76f73bc8f355","id":"7519e7db-a39f-4ca7-adbd-76f73bc8f355","uuid":"7519e7db-a39f-4ca7-adbd-76f73bc8f355","title":"微粒社会 数字化时代的社会模式","normalized_title":"微粒社会数字化时代的社会模式","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787508679136","isbns":["9787508679136"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":233,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/7519e7db-a39f-4ca7-adbd-76f73bc8f355","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E5%BE%AE%E7%B2%92%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%20%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E5%8C%96%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E7%9A%84%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/7519e7db-a39f-4ca7-adbd-76f73bc8f355/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/7519e7db-a39f-4ca7-adbd-76f73bc8f355/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/7519e7db-a39f-4ca7-adbd-76f73bc8f355","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/7519e7db-a39f-4ca7-adbd-76f73bc8f355/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/7519e7db-a39f-4ca7-adbd-76f73bc8f355/search"},"page":{"printed_page":20,"pdf_page":39,"physical_index":39,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"a7b5fa5d94646a2f6cafa85e8a8e5a2aa2fe08a97ca11cc62d82ec62885430b4"},"chapter":"微粒","content":"瓦格纳的团队将这种新的可能性带入政治领域。他们放弃了继续将目前的选民群体进一步分类，最终到达个体层面的做法，即首先选定“市郊的女性白种人选民”，然后从那里向下计算直达个体。这与原有的方法是一致的，即专业术语中所讲的“自上而下”：首先确定分类群体，然后再到个体。利用这种方法，人们从来都没有得到过精确的图像，因为起点群体本身就只是一种统计学上的抽象假定概念。\n\n瓦格纳采取的是相反的方法：自下而上。在数据来源上，他没有首先搜集群体数据然后整合个体数据，而是直接利用单体数据进行计算，群体数据不在其考虑范围之内。如果人们对个体的特征有足够的了解，群体的平均值就无关紧要了。\n\n这种单体化的结果恰恰是整个竞选运动的机敏性所在，这种机敏灵活让竞选对手彻底迷惑了。罗姆尼的一位助手事后抱怨说：“奥巴马竞选团队的工作能够覆盖那些我们甚至都不知道他们存在的选民。”而另外一个助手谈及奥巴马“令人捉摸不定的战略”时，气语中流露出来的几乎全是惊讶。奥巴马团队将对选民的解析转化为选战行动的灵活性。\n\n比如，奥巴马的电视广告就更有目标针对性，也因此比对手更有效果。这位民主党人的竞选广告常常出现在夜间，并且会出现在广告插播率较低的电视节目中，因为这些广告对于选民尤其有针对性，而且特别容易让选民接收到。奥巴马的团队也曾把竞选广告插播到诸如《混乱分子》或者《行尸走肉》一类粗俗的、政治家避之不及的电视连续剧中。\n\n微粒社会 The Granular Society\n\n020","previous_page":19,"next_page":21}