{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"7849bdaa-511d-4943-bbd6-e5f93c32627e","title":"规则的悖论 想象背后的技术、愚笨与权力诱惑 = The Utopia of Rules On Technology, Stupidity, and the Secret Joys of Bureaucracy","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":null,"requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"7849bdaa-511d-4943-bbd6-e5f93c32627e","id":"7849bdaa-511d-4943-bbd6-e5f93c32627e","uuid":"7849bdaa-511d-4943-bbd6-e5f93c32627e","title":"规则的悖论 想象背后的技术、愚笨与权力诱惑 = The Utopia of Rules On Technology, Stupidity, and the Secret Joys of Bureaucracy","normalized_title":"规则的悖论想象背后的技术愚笨与权力诱惑theutopiaofrulesontechnologystupidityandthesecretjoysofbureaucracy","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":null,"isbns":[],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":236,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/7849bdaa-511d-4943-bbd6-e5f93c32627e","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E8%A7%84%E5%88%99%E7%9A%84%E6%82%96%E8%AE%BA%20%E6%83%B3%E8%B1%A1%E8%83%8C%E5%90%8E%E7%9A%84%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E3%80%81%E6%84%9A%E7%AC%A8%E4%B8%8E%E6%9D%83%E5%8A%9B%E8%AF%B1%E6%83%91%20%3D%20The%20Utopia%20of%20Rules%20On%20Technology%2C%20Stupidity%2C%20and%20the%20Secret%20Joys%20of%20Bureaucracy","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/7849bdaa-511d-4943-bbd6-e5f93c32627e/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/7849bdaa-511d-4943-bbd6-e5f93c32627e/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/7849bdaa-511d-4943-bbd6-e5f93c32627e","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/7849bdaa-511d-4943-bbd6-e5f93c32627e/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/7849bdaa-511d-4943-bbd6-e5f93c32627e/search"},"page":{"printed_page":174,"pdf_page":173,"physical_index":173,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"6551bc71c0818f8e07441d2ec91ceec654a4d1a0dc353f94c5910f1e4b47f591"},"chapter":"第三章 规则的乌托邦，或为什么我们终究还是喜欢官僚制","content":"在剑桥人类学系的例子里，规则被明文列出，而后被锁定，表面上是为了消除专断的个人权威。马达加斯加人对语法规则的态度显然无关对专断权威的厌恶，而是关乎对任意性本身的厌恶，这后一种厌恶会导致不假思索地接受最正式的、制度化的权威形态。毕竟，我们第一次体验到正式的、讲规则的权威，不都是通过小学老师吗？这在马达加斯加和在其他任何地方同样成立。事实上，当我问朋友们为什么人们不真的按照教科书上描述的语言说话时，收到的回答总是“你懂的，人们很懒”。很明显，问题在于全体人民都没把课堂内容学到位。但他们实际上否认的是集体创造的合法性，是整个系统的自由玩耍（free play）。\n\n花点时间思考语言是值得的，因为它比任何其他例子更能揭示出，我们所持的自由观念本身存在一个基本悖论。一方面，规则究其本质是约束性的。演讲规范、礼仪守则和语法规则，都有限制我们能说什么和不能说什么的作用。我们脑海中最初形成的关于压迫的意象之一，就是老师因为语法错误而敲打一个孩子的手指，这可不是没来由的。但另一方面，如果没有任何共享的约定，没有语义、句法、音素，我们就只会语无伦次地咿咿呀呀，相互之间根本没法沟通。显然，这种情况下没有人可以自由地做任何事。所以，在两端之间的某一点上，制约的规则（rules-as-constraining）转变成了赋能的规则（rules-as-enabling），尽管说不出确切是在哪个点上。这样看来，自由其实是人类创造力的自由玩耍与它不断生成的规则相对抗构成的张力。而这正是语言学家一直以来的观察。没有哪种语言是没有语法的。但同样，没有哪种语言不在持\n\n174","previous_page":173,"next_page":175}