{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"7f418071-0fdc-4a5a-a4c5-82dd1979d9c2","title":"人工智能哲学","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"7532740544","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"7f418071-0fdc-4a5a-a4c5-82dd1979d9c2","id":"7f418071-0fdc-4a5a-a4c5-82dd1979d9c2","uuid":"7f418071-0fdc-4a5a-a4c5-82dd1979d9c2","title":"人工智能哲学","normalized_title":"人工智能哲学","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"7532740544","isbns":["7532740544"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":501,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/7f418071-0fdc-4a5a-a4c5-82dd1979d9c2","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/7f418071-0fdc-4a5a-a4c5-82dd1979d9c2/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/7f418071-0fdc-4a5a-a4c5-82dd1979d9c2/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/7f418071-0fdc-4a5a-a4c5-82dd1979d9c2","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/7f418071-0fdc-4a5a-a4c5-82dd1979d9c2/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/7f418071-0fdc-4a5a-a4c5-82dd1979d9c2/search"},"page":{"printed_page":235,"pdf_page":243,"physical_index":243,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"66773c1dbd1f1932ef48b9bc4db2a4962acf62d23254526b73108ba343ec6ca0"},"chapter":"人工智能哲学","content":"(对所有(pb)\n\n(如果(与)(A(p;b))\n\n(对所有(x)(如果(反常x)(px)))))\n\n亦即如果(在A由于鸟的变化而弱化之后)p是任何满足A的谓词，并与反常具有相同强度，那么反常也与P具有相同强度。现在还需另一步骤，就是插入值以代替p和b。假定已知的鸟中只有Clyde不能飞，那么A就包含着正常鸟会飞的公理，以及（鸟Clyde)与(非(Clyde能飞))。如果我们插入 p=（∧(y) （= y Clyde)和 b=（∧(y)（= yClyde)),那么，因为 A(p;b)成为\n\n(非(Clyde 能飞))\n\n我们就得到了划界公理的例子：\n\n(如果(与(对所有(x) (如果(与(= x Clyde) (非(= x Clyde))) (x能飞)))\n\n( = Clyde Clyde)\n\n(非(Clyde 能飞)\n\n(对所有(x) (如果(反常 x) (= x Clyde))))\n\n但是这关系的前项来自A(反常；鸟)，所以我们可以推出后项：Clyde是仅有的反常对象。因此，任何别的鸟(如果能表明它不等同于Clyde)，都被判定为是能飞的。\n\n请注意划界法是怎样获得非单调性的。当A增加一个新的公理时，划界公理就会变化，同时往往有某个定理不再适用。\n\n对所有各种已知的非单调逻辑来说，存在两个问题。第一，如果不经过很大的努力，一组规则的结果如何，往往弄不清楚。第二，想要作适当“扩大”，往往会失败；就是说规则的结果过弱。下面我用短语“你不可能认识”和“你不想知道”来标明这两个问题。\n\n9 纯粹理性批判\n\n理就是\n\n235","previous_page":234,"next_page":236}