{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"8770e87a-1162-4f3c-b374-e88b5e736a68","title":"我们何以成为后人类 文学、信息科学和控制论中的虚拟身体","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787301280768","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"8770e87a-1162-4f3c-b374-e88b5e736a68","id":"8770e87a-1162-4f3c-b374-e88b5e736a68","uuid":"8770e87a-1162-4f3c-b374-e88b5e736a68","title":"我们何以成为后人类 文学、信息科学和控制论中的虚拟身体","normalized_title":"我们何以成为后人类文学信息科学和控制论中的虚拟身体","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787301280768","isbns":["9787301280768"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":474,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/8770e87a-1162-4f3c-b374-e88b5e736a68","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E4%BD%95%E4%BB%A5%E6%88%90%E4%B8%BA%E5%90%8E%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%20%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E3%80%81%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%92%8C%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E8%AE%BA%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E8%99%9A%E6%8B%9F%E8%BA%AB%E4%BD%93","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/8770e87a-1162-4f3c-b374-e88b5e736a68/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/8770e87a-1162-4f3c-b374-e88b5e736a68/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/8770e87a-1162-4f3c-b374-e88b5e736a68","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/8770e87a-1162-4f3c-b374-e88b5e736a68/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/8770e87a-1162-4f3c-b374-e88b5e736a68/search"},"page":{"printed_page":191,"pdf_page":204,"physical_index":204,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"d822f6bbf6f80373b2468dfeeca74a3c65402654d6d3bbaafe9076f186befc98"},"chapter":"第三章","content":"当我们追问这个理论打算如何为自我建立一个坚实的基础时，自创生理论与自由人本主义的复杂关系就变得更加明显。正如第一章所见，自由人本主义（在C.B.麦克弗森对它的读解中）将自我（self建立在占有式个人主义观念的基础之上。占有式个人主义观念认为，主体首先应该是个人的/个体的，因为他们拥有/属于自己。在自创生理论中，同样的基础性条件/前提是这个观念：生命系统是活着的(living)，因为它们体现了组织性闭合(organizational closure)。准确地说，正是这种组织性闭合保证了主体像自主的个体一样运行。但是马图拉纳（以及别人）怎么知道这种组织性闭合的存在呢？自创生的闭合是生命系统的内在特征吗？人类观察者如何认识生命系统以及他自身呢？这些问题缠绕在自创生理论初步形成之时；通过对自创生过程的内在特性与观察者赋予它的特征之间进行截然区分，渗透到理论的发展历史。如果这个理论说观察者通过描述区分建立了系统，那它就面临着损毁组织性闭合的本体论地位之危险。如果它说自创生过程是现实的本质特征，又会损伤它在认识论方面的激进性。面对这种进退两难(Scylla and Charybdis）的情况，马图拉纳首先掉转航向，指向相对主义；当新的危险迫近时，他又掉转航向，指向自创生过程的绝对主义。\n\n第六章 控制论的第二次浪潮：从反身性到自我组织\n\n191","previous_page":190,"next_page":192}