{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"88efeb70-2043-4122-a461-fbf8384bb0fc","title":"形而上学","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"7100011361","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"88efeb70-2043-4122-a461-fbf8384bb0fc","id":"88efeb70-2043-4122-a461-fbf8384bb0fc","uuid":"88efeb70-2043-4122-a461-fbf8384bb0fc","title":"形而上学","normalized_title":"形而上学","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"7100011361","isbns":["7100011361"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":383,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/88efeb70-2043-4122-a461-fbf8384bb0fc","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/88efeb70-2043-4122-a461-fbf8384bb0fc/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/88efeb70-2043-4122-a461-fbf8384bb0fc/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/88efeb70-2043-4122-a461-fbf8384bb0fc","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/88efeb70-2043-4122-a461-fbf8384bb0fc/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/88efeb70-2043-4122-a461-fbf8384bb0fc/search"},"page":{"printed_page":20,"pdf_page":24,"physical_index":24,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"f8137022e4c86c4467e4f9a2581828e00a01e06bccc0e1bfa2432a6695bdae06"},"chapter":"形而上学","content":"于是，那些人主張宇宙唯一，一唯物質，而物質又專指那些具有量度的实体，他們显然走入多歧的迷途了。佟管存在着非实体  \n25事物，他們却只講实体事物的要素；在陈述事物一般物質現象与其生成灭坏原因时，他們遺棄了动因。又，他們不談事物的本体，不問其怎是<本因〉，也是錯的；除了“地”〈土>以外，輕率地就將單純  \n30实体当作第一原理，不复追詢它們——火，水，地，气——如何互相生成，这也是錯的：因为事物或由併合而生成或由析离而生成，这于它們的先天性与后天性是大有区别的。\n\n35 因为(甲)最基本的元素物質应該是由它們的併合来組成最初989a的事物的，这种質性应是屬于实体中精細的微粒。以火为原理的人与这論点最为符合。其他各家所講实体元素的秉賦也与此意相近。至少是这样，凡主張基本元素只一种的人沒有誰會举出“地”5为这唯一元素，明显地这因为地的粒子太粗。其它三元素則各有人为之主張；作为基本元素，有人主于火，有人主于水，有人主于气。（何以他們不象普通人一样主于地土呢？俗語云，“万物皆土10〈生出于土，灭归于土>。”希蕭特①說一切实体之中，地最先生成；这意見久已成为最原始而通俗的意見了。）照这微分論点，那些主于地，水，气以及主于某种密于气而疎于水的元素的講法，都不如15 主于火为正确。但(乙)若說先于本性的当后于生成，租合物于生成論虽在后，于本性論便立在先，則与我們上面所述的相反者才算正确一一那么就应該水先于，地先于水。\n\n主于一元素为原因的就是这些問題。主于不止一元素者如恩20培多克勒，以万物具有四实体的論点，也未能免于疑难；有些問題与我們上面所指的相同，另一些則是由他理論的特点所引出的。\n\nA8 章八\n\n989 a\n\n①见希特“原种”116，又见本善984b28。\n\n20","previous_page":19,"next_page":21}