{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"88efeb70-2043-4122-a461-fbf8384bb0fc","title":"形而上学","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"7100011361","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"88efeb70-2043-4122-a461-fbf8384bb0fc","id":"88efeb70-2043-4122-a461-fbf8384bb0fc","uuid":"88efeb70-2043-4122-a461-fbf8384bb0fc","title":"形而上学","normalized_title":"形而上学","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"7100011361","isbns":["7100011361"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":383,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/88efeb70-2043-4122-a461-fbf8384bb0fc","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/88efeb70-2043-4122-a461-fbf8384bb0fc/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/88efeb70-2043-4122-a461-fbf8384bb0fc/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/88efeb70-2043-4122-a461-fbf8384bb0fc","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/88efeb70-2043-4122-a461-fbf8384bb0fc/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/88efeb70-2043-4122-a461-fbf8384bb0fc/search"},"page":{"printed_page":8,"pdf_page":12,"physical_index":12,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"8cece9c3ced6cf7459fb530a15c3671cb901709ecc9af799744a63bbb04e6c77"},"chapter":"形而上学","content":"有类此的宇宙观念：他們以海神奥启安与德修斯为創世的父母，①30而敍述諸神往往指水为誓，幷假之名号曰“斯德赫”②。事物最古老的最受尊敬，而凡为大家所指誓的又应当是最神圣的事物。这984a种关于自然的解釋，究从远古何时起始，殊难論定，但我們可以确言泰勒斯曾这样的指陈了世界第一原因。一般都不以希波之列入这一学派为合宜，因为希波的思想是琐碎的。\n\n5 阿那克西米尼与第欧根尼論为气先于水，气实万物原始的基体；而梅大邦丁的希巴索和爱非斯的赫拉克利特則以火为先，恩培多克勒主于四元素拜为物始，(以土加于上述三者)，他說四元素  \n10或聚或散，或增或减，以成万物的形形色色，而它們本身則出于一，入于一，古今一如，常存不变。④\n\n克拉左美奈的阿那克薩哥拉，虽较恩培多克勒年長，为学則后于恩氏，其言曰原理为数无穷(非一非四);；他認为万物各以其组成15部分之聚散为生灭，万物皆如水火，水火各由“相似的微分”所积成，故生灭只是許多微分的聚散，而各各微分則永恆存在。⑤\n\nA3\n\n984 a\n\n①見荷馬“伊里埃”(Homer，Iliad)卷十四,201，246。奥启安为海洋之种，德修斯海洋女神。\n\n②同上，卷二，755，卷十四，271，卷十五，370。希腊种話中地獄有河，曰“斯德瑟”(∑τζ，从动字σuγeω「恨]衍成，故可意露为“恨永”。又泰勒斯以“永为物質之最古老原始者”。\n\n③参看“灵魂論”405b2。希波，傳为毕达哥拉斯弟子，或列于自然学湿，彼亦有水为物原之訊。\n\n④参考第尔士(Diels)編：“先苏格拉底諸哲殘篇”(以下简称“先苏格拉底”或“残篇”)17。又菩纳脱(Burnet)“早期希臘哲学”108—109頁。\n\n此节所述希联旧誘以水、气、火、土为四元素，卽印度婆罗門古教所举“四大”，中国初期佛学翻譯，作“地、水、风、火”。希腊学者以四大为实体。与印度佛教断言“四大售空”者不同。与中国五行相比，希膨人因金可熔为液体，併入水元素中；又将木入火元素中；而另立了气(卽风)这一行。\n\n⑤参看第尔士編“殘篇”4。又“說天”302a28。及“成坏論”314a24。均涉及阿那克薩哥拉之說。其义試以毛髮为例：一毛髮应为許多微分之毛髮生聚而成，其消灭也仍解散为許多微分毛髪；迨另一生物攝取諸微分，便又成一新毛髮。参看本書1056b28-30, 1063b28.\n\n8","previous_page":7,"next_page":9}