{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"88efeb70-2043-4122-a461-fbf8384bb0fc","title":"形而上学","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"7100011361","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"88efeb70-2043-4122-a461-fbf8384bb0fc","id":"88efeb70-2043-4122-a461-fbf8384bb0fc","uuid":"88efeb70-2043-4122-a461-fbf8384bb0fc","title":"形而上学","normalized_title":"形而上学","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"7100011361","isbns":["7100011361"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":383,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/88efeb70-2043-4122-a461-fbf8384bb0fc","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/88efeb70-2043-4122-a461-fbf8384bb0fc/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/88efeb70-2043-4122-a461-fbf8384bb0fc/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/88efeb70-2043-4122-a461-fbf8384bb0fc","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/88efeb70-2043-4122-a461-fbf8384bb0fc/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/88efeb70-2043-4122-a461-fbf8384bb0fc/search"},"page":{"printed_page":9,"pdf_page":13,"physical_index":13,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"805d8cc4be4ed20e9db25948d669b30ad05ce5b04525d923d958017f8c91f994"},"chapter":"形而上学","content":"从这些事实說来，人們將謂万物的唯一原因就只是物質；但学术进步，大家开拓了新境界，他們不得不对这些主題再作研究。就  \n20算万物真由一元素或儿元素（物質）演变生灭而成宇宙万有，可是試問生灭何由而起，其故何在？这物質“底层”本身不能使自己演变；木材与青铜都不能自变，木材不能自成床，青銅不能自造象，这25演变的原因只能求之于另一事物。找寻这个，就是找寻我們所說的第二原因①一一动因。那些初作这类探索的人們，說宇宙“底层”出于一因.②颇为自得；有些人則虽已由这第二原因引起考虑.30 而却又象未能找到，而仍还执持于全宇宙在成坏論上是一个不变  \n84b 的“元一”；于其它演化而論，亦复如此。③（这种原始信念为初期哲学家共通的思想)。这就是他們所特有的观点。凡專主宇宙为元一的人們，除了巴門尼德以外，都未能找到这另一类原因，巴門尼德亦仅說在某种含义上，原因不只一，可有二。④但那些主于多元素的人⑤比較可能涉及这第二原因，他們于冷热，于土水，均例的作为元素；他們就認为火是能动的，而水、土等則列于被动类中。\n\n卽便在杂說繁兴的时代，人們就已觉得这些思想还未足闡明10万物的創生，为了真理还得再探索我們上述的其次一項原因。事物在方生方存之际，或达其善，或成其美，总不能逕指如火如土以及其它类此之元素为使那些事物成其善美之原因，宇宙也不曾照这些思想家的想法而演化；若說或善或美，并无所因，而只是些自\n\n984 a\n\nA 3\n\n①亞氏常将动因列为第三原因。这里因跟着上文述各家所主物因，列为第二。\n\n②指米利都自然学派泰勒斯(Thales，約公元前621—547)，阿那克西尼(Anaximenes,約公元前585—525)与赫拉克利特(Heraclitus,約公元前530—47.③指埃利亞学派(Fleaties)巴門尼德(Parmnides)等。\n\n④参看第尔士編“殘篇”8。\n\n⑤似指恩培多克勒(Empedocles,約公元前490--430)。\n\n9","previous_page":8,"next_page":10}