{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"8caa5f1d-993f-4d27-a751-4209eb70de9c","title":"新黑暗时代：科技与未来的终结","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787218135007","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"8caa5f1d-993f-4d27-a751-4209eb70de9c","id":"8caa5f1d-993f-4d27-a751-4209eb70de9c","uuid":"8caa5f1d-993f-4d27-a751-4209eb70de9c","title":"新黑暗时代：科技与未来的终结","normalized_title":"新黑暗时代科技与未来的终结","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787218135007","isbns":["9787218135007"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":319,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/8caa5f1d-993f-4d27-a751-4209eb70de9c","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E6%96%B0%E9%BB%91%E6%9A%97%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%EF%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E4%B8%8E%E6%9C%AA%E6%9D%A5%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%88%E7%BB%93","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/8caa5f1d-993f-4d27-a751-4209eb70de9c/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/8caa5f1d-993f-4d27-a751-4209eb70de9c/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/8caa5f1d-993f-4d27-a751-4209eb70de9c","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/8caa5f1d-993f-4d27-a751-4209eb70de9c/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/8caa5f1d-993f-4d27-a751-4209eb70de9c/search"},"page":{"printed_page":147,"pdf_page":154,"physical_index":154,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"21ef00defe362da4d352b1e7bad9db803c2b1951bb9ddb831920dc07152a26a6"},"chapter":"第十章阴云261","content":"最初的神经网络可能是坦克故事某个早期版本的原型，它是为美国海军研究办公室(United States Office of Naval Research）研发的，被称为感知机（Perceptron）。和许多早期计算机一样，这是一台实际存在的机器：400个感光元件用鼠窝一样乱糟糟的电线随机连接到开关上，这些开关会在每一轮运行中修正元件的反应—这就是神经元。它的设计者，康奈尔大学心理学家弗兰克·罗森布拉特（FrankRosenblatt）为人工智能的可实现性进行了大力宣传。当马克1号感知机（PerceptronMarkI）在1958年公之于众时，《纽约时报》对此进行了报道：\n\n海军今天披露了一种电子计算机的雏形，并预期它将来能行走、交谈、书写，能看得见、能自我繁殖，还能意识到自己的存在。据预测，下一代感知机将能识别不同的人，并叫出他们的名字，还能将一种语言即时翻译为另一种语言及文字。2\n\n感知机的运行原理以联结主义（connectionism）为基础，这种理论认为智能是神经元互相联结所显现出的特性，通过模拟大脑的回路，就可能让机器产生思想。这种观点在此后十年间受到了无数研究者的攻击，这些研究者认为智能是对符号进行操作的产物：有些知识从本质上就要求对其进行有意义的逻辑推理。联结主义者和符号主义者之间的辩论界定了此后40年的人工智能范畴，引发了无数争执，并导致了众所周知的“人工智能寒冬”，很长时间里都没有任何进展。实质上，这场争辩不仅涵盖了什么是智能，更涵盖了智能中有哪些是可理解的。\n\n第六章 认知\n\n137\n\n138\n\n147","previous_page":null,"next_page":null}