{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"a2eab101-adfc-4a0d-8142-63a4d11cee02","title":"人工智能和资本主义的未来","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9780745338613","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"a2eab101-adfc-4a0d-8142-63a4d11cee02","id":"a2eab101-adfc-4a0d-8142-63a4d11cee02","uuid":"a2eab101-adfc-4a0d-8142-63a4d11cee02","title":"人工智能和资本主义的未来","normalized_title":"人工智能和资本主义的未来","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9780745338613","isbns":["9780745338613","9780745338606","9781786803955","9781786803979","9781786803962"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":225,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/a2eab101-adfc-4a0d-8142-63a4d11cee02","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%92%8C%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%AA%E6%9D%A5","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/a2eab101-adfc-4a0d-8142-63a4d11cee02/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/a2eab101-adfc-4a0d-8142-63a4d11cee02/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/a2eab101-adfc-4a0d-8142-63a4d11cee02","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/a2eab101-adfc-4a0d-8142-63a4d11cee02/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/a2eab101-adfc-4a0d-8142-63a4d11cee02/search"},"page":{"printed_page":19,"pdf_page":27,"physical_index":27,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"0abc52d5fb0b419252ad8b86efef95dddbc636379d812684fb596492923ba54d"},"chapter":"Digital Barricades: Interventions in Digital Culture and Politics","content":"At first glance, the ‘Fragment’ might seem just to restate in especially emphatic form the predictions about the mounting organic composition of capital that inform Marx’s thinking about the FROP. As George Caffentzis (2013) points out, however, there is a divergence between the two theories, for while the FROP depends for its operation on the validity of the labour theory of value, the ‘Fragment’, in contrast, posits a dynamic of capitalist collapse arising from the liquidation of labour – and value. The Grundrisse was translated into English, French and Italian at the very time when computers were first beginning to enter the workplace, and from the moment of its appearance it was taken as harbinger of a high-technology, ‘cyborg’ communism which would overcome all the difficulties a drab, industrial, actually-existing socialism was experiencing in organizing work on a non-capitalist basis by simply eliminating the need to work at all. It is therefore no surprise that the ‘Fragment on Machines’ is a foundational document for theorists of left accelerationism, postcapitalism and fully automated luxury communism, so much so that Frederick Harry Pitts (2017) has dubbed these all instances of ‘Fragment Thinking’.\n\nA second minor strain in Marx’s thought, less discussed than the ‘Fragment’, is the nightmare vision of capital in the ‘Results of the Immediate Process of Production’ (appearing in some editions of Capital as an Appendix to Volume 1) (1990: 949–1084). In this text, Marx gives an account of the process of capitalist ‘subsumption’ – roughly translated as domination, envelopment or take-over – of labour. He details two moments: formal and real. In the first moment, capital organizes labour as wage-labour, thus merely changing its social form, while leaving the content of labour, i.e. how it is carried out, the same as in pre-capitalist artisanal handicraft. In the second moment, however, the content of labour changes – it is really subsumed – to better meet the dictate and demands of the capitalist production of surplus-value. Initially, real subsumption occurs through introducing a division of labour into the handicrafts, but subsequently by the automation of labour by machinery, which requires capital to absorb socially produced scientific knowledge to develop technologies adequate to and commensurate with its own priorities – notably, the automation of production and the acceleration of the circulation of commodities. In the transition from formal to real subsumption, ‘absolute’ exploitation of labour – the extension of the working day – is displaced by the extraction of ‘relative surplus-value’, which is based on increasing the productivity of labour by intensifying the labour process through the division of labour and machinery. As this process builds, Marx argues that a situation emerges in which, in the industrial factory (only nascently visible in his time), the worker confronts a fully ‘alien power’ that appears endowed with a ‘colossal independence’ from human agency, rendered ‘autonomous’ by techno-science.\n\nintroduction: ai-capital\n\n19","previous_page":18,"next_page":20}