{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"a2eab101-adfc-4a0d-8142-63a4d11cee02","title":"人工智能和资本主义的未来","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9780745338613","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"a2eab101-adfc-4a0d-8142-63a4d11cee02","id":"a2eab101-adfc-4a0d-8142-63a4d11cee02","uuid":"a2eab101-adfc-4a0d-8142-63a4d11cee02","title":"人工智能和资本主义的未来","normalized_title":"人工智能和资本主义的未来","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9780745338613","isbns":["9780745338613","9780745338606","9781786803955","9781786803979","9781786803962"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":225,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/a2eab101-adfc-4a0d-8142-63a4d11cee02","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%92%8C%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%AA%E6%9D%A5","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/a2eab101-adfc-4a0d-8142-63a4d11cee02/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/a2eab101-adfc-4a0d-8142-63a4d11cee02/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/a2eab101-adfc-4a0d-8142-63a4d11cee02","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/a2eab101-adfc-4a0d-8142-63a4d11cee02/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/a2eab101-adfc-4a0d-8142-63a4d11cee02/search"},"page":{"printed_page":21,"pdf_page":29,"physical_index":29,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"fb35a44d03147e29419099707f70576e884f88d6c0feba152cc27523426fc947"},"chapter":"Digital Barricades: Interventions in Digital Culture and Politics","content":"It can fairly be argued that, read as an appendix to Capital, this document should be understood only in the light of what precedes it, so that capitalist breakdown can be assumed. And it can further be asserted that the machinic autonomy of capital is only an ‘appearance’ – a mystification that has to be seen through to detect the continuing, if baroquely veiled, importance of labour-power situated down remote production chains. Maybe so. But as even chronic optimists like Antonio Negri (2017) note, ‘appearance’ in Marx doesn’t mean ‘shadowy, superficial or insubstantial’: on the contrary, it means a concrete social reality created on the basis of a mystified and disguised process, namely the incremental subsumption of the power of workers into machinery. While Marx developed this sombre vision through analysis of the industrial factory, it invites thought about a further stage of ‘hyper-subsumption’ in which capital’s autonomizing force manifests as AI: later in this book we explain how this new stage of subsumption is unfolding, and may culminate in AGI.\n\nBoth the major and minor lines of Marx’s machine analysis describe dynamics in play in the actually-existing AI-capitalism of 2019. We are not at the heights or depths of machinic capitalism foreseen in either the ‘Fragment’ or the ‘Results’. Workers on Foxconn assembly lines, in Amazon warehouses or on Facebook content moderation sites all attest to the continued use of machines to intensify and speed up human labour. Crises such as the 2008 Wall Street crash reveal the deep instabilities which machinically depressed wages, digitally organized cheap labour and high-speed financial trading are bringing to capitalism. So much of the major line of Marx’s machine thought holds true, perhaps truer than ever, as the 2020s approach. But ML-driven AI, developed in part in response to the crisis of capitalist globalization, is placing on the horizon possibilities that resemble those in Marx’s visions of capitalism’s machinic extremes. The ‘Fragment on Machines’ and the ‘Results of the Immediate Process of Production’ are recto and verso of one page, a page that speaks both of machine power liberating humanity from capital, and of a capital rendered autonomous from humanity. Capitalists and communists alike, be careful what you wish for!\n\nIN THE AGE OF SELF-REPLICATING AUTOMATA\n\nMarx’s discussion of machinery stops with the steam-powered factory. Only towards the end of his life were electricity and electromagnetism harnessed, and although early computer technology like Jacquard’s Loom and Babbage’s failed Difference and Analytical Engines existed when he wrote, he did not discuss them. So to bring Marxism to bear on AI, Marx’s account must be amended. There is a formidable Marxian literature on ‘cybernetic capitalism’ and ‘digital labour’, but Marxian analysis specifically devoted to AI, analysing the specificity of its technology, political economy and class implications, is relatively rare. There are, however, three treatments that have influenced our thinking.\n\nintroduction: ai-capital\n\n21","previous_page":20,"next_page":22}