{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"a2eab101-adfc-4a0d-8142-63a4d11cee02","title":"人工智能和资本主义的未来","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9780745338613","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"a2eab101-adfc-4a0d-8142-63a4d11cee02","id":"a2eab101-adfc-4a0d-8142-63a4d11cee02","uuid":"a2eab101-adfc-4a0d-8142-63a4d11cee02","title":"人工智能和资本主义的未来","normalized_title":"人工智能和资本主义的未来","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9780745338613","isbns":["9780745338613","9780745338606","9781786803955","9781786803979","9781786803962"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":225,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/a2eab101-adfc-4a0d-8142-63a4d11cee02","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%92%8C%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%AA%E6%9D%A5","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/a2eab101-adfc-4a0d-8142-63a4d11cee02/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/a2eab101-adfc-4a0d-8142-63a4d11cee02/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/a2eab101-adfc-4a0d-8142-63a4d11cee02","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/a2eab101-adfc-4a0d-8142-63a4d11cee02/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/a2eab101-adfc-4a0d-8142-63a4d11cee02/search"},"page":{"printed_page":59,"pdf_page":67,"physical_index":67,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"fc6f113c803666eb5e8a15244f91fbaf3d3bb05c712881560e0477187a9d77a8"},"chapter":"Digital Barricades: Interventions in Digital Culture and Politics","content":"The developers of Google’s Duplex hope that their creation will achieve the ‘long-standing goal of human-computer interaction’ of ‘making interaction with technology via natural conversation a reality’ (Leviathan and Matias 2018). This neatly sums up the purpose of the chatbot: to act as a new interface that replaces previous customer-facing business elements, such as web stores and human technical support, with automated natural language conversation. The chatbot is intended to make online transactions as intuitive and simple as in-person transactions. Consultancy firm Gartner anticipates that ‘[i]nteracting with chatbots won’t require any particular set-up; the technology will simply understand and do as the human asks’ (Panetta 2016).\n\nChatbots have not only found use in customer service, however. As Lebeuf, Storey and Zagalsky have shown, software developers have been creating their ‘own breed’ of chatbots to ‘reduce collaboration friction’ in the workplace (2017: 2). As the authors demonstrate, developers use chatbots to promote the functionality of their group by coordinating schedules and tasks, promoting adherence to group norms and roles, demarcating roles, responsibilities and expertise, as well as monitoring and promoting cooperation and trust (2017: 3–4). They also use chatbots to curate large information flows and share knowledge and skills (2017: 5). In so doing, they are offloading chunks of their social activities to these bots which convert various tasks and processes into dialogic form.\n\n2018 was a ‘milestone year’ for chatbots in terms of both technical advances and business applications (Seth 2018). Yet, due to the domain-specific content required for each chatbot, these systems suffer from the same problem of heavy customization workload that faced GOFAI expert systems. However, research is underway on the possibility of ‘bootstrapping’ or automating the production of chatbots in new fields of application using ML trained on data available in that domain (Babkin et al. 2017). If such work is successful, we can expect chatbots to proliferate further and approach the ubiquity we have posited for AI as a general condition of production.\n\nWe can also consider another existing AI application which is expected to become widespread. In 2016, Amazon opened its first branch of Amazon Go, an automated convenience store, in Seattle. As of early\n\nmeans of cognition\n\n59","previous_page":58,"next_page":60}