{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"a3d20d9f-08e6-48dd-8975-661ffa08f781","title":"动物与人二讲【无封面、版权页、目录页】","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":null,"requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"a3d20d9f-08e6-48dd-8975-661ffa08f781","id":"a3d20d9f-08e6-48dd-8975-661ffa08f781","uuid":"a3d20d9f-08e6-48dd-8975-661ffa08f781","title":"动物与人二讲【无封面、版权页、目录页】","normalized_title":"动物与人二讲无封面版权页目录页","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":null,"isbns":[],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":114,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/a3d20d9f-08e6-48dd-8975-661ffa08f781","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%BA%E4%BA%8C%E8%AE%B2%E3%80%90%E6%97%A0%E5%B0%81%E9%9D%A2%E3%80%81%E7%89%88%E6%9D%83%E9%A1%B5%E3%80%81%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95%E9%A1%B5%E3%80%91","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/a3d20d9f-08e6-48dd-8975-661ffa08f781/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/a3d20d9f-08e6-48dd-8975-661ffa08f781/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/a3d20d9f-08e6-48dd-8975-661ffa08f781","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/a3d20d9f-08e6-48dd-8975-661ffa08f781/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/a3d20d9f-08e6-48dd-8975-661ffa08f781/search"},"page":{"printed_page":39,"pdf_page":38,"physical_index":38,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"5942befa377f940153633278b2eafc8288d1fe92f264903387206a413b045aa6"},"chapter":"动物与人二讲","content":"护教士\n\n因此，我们首先看看最早试图给人的现实与动物的现实之间相对二元的关系下定义的作者。那是在古希腊罗马时期，或者更确切地说在古典世界结束之后，这一时期开启了行动理论，该理论认为行动先于知识。在许多护教士那里，例如塔提安、亚挪比乌、拉克坦提乌斯，我们可以看到一种十分强烈的伦理二元论的态度，其目的并非从严格意义上将人与动物对立起来，而是将基督徒和由非基督徒以及动物组成的整体对立起来。为了使理性这个大为古希腊罗马人所赞颂的特性蒙羞，护教士称，只有基督徒与动物不同，其他人都与动物毫无区别。大家可以看到融于该学说中的伦理现实负担是多么重。但大家不要因此而感到震惊，众所周知，最早的大公会议2之一认为，女性没有灵魂，其原因可能与此处护教士的原因相似：请不要将这些看法当作一个恶意的笑话。当我们尝试考察自身的内在性时，我们通常倾向于认为自身拥有灵魂，拥有自我思考的能力（我思故我在）。然而当我们从外部考察他人时，我们则慢慢将他们逼迫到自然之中。蛮族，或两性异型，那些在某种程度上与我们自身拥有的内在经验区分的存在，我们则假定他们只是自然的产物。这是因为灵魂的观念与内在性的体验、意识的体验、意识的活动直接相连。一旦存在伦理的、文化的、性别的或任何其他类别的差异，便会形成足够的障碍以阻止灵魂的赋予，因为他者不能够体验到类似于主体自身体验到的能动的内在性。\n\n第二讲\n\n39","previous_page":38,"next_page":40}