{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"ab07c774-3ed2-48d8-8672-5c17d147d9d8","title":"哈贝马斯著作集 包容他者","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787208153554","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"ab07c774-3ed2-48d8-8672-5c17d147d9d8","id":"ab07c774-3ed2-48d8-8672-5c17d147d9d8","uuid":"ab07c774-3ed2-48d8-8672-5c17d147d9d8","title":"哈贝马斯著作集 包容他者","normalized_title":"哈贝马斯著作集包容他者","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787208153554","isbns":["9787208153554"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":389,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/ab07c774-3ed2-48d8-8672-5c17d147d9d8","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E5%93%88%E8%B4%9D%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E9%9B%86%20%E5%8C%85%E5%AE%B9%E4%BB%96%E8%80%85","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/ab07c774-3ed2-48d8-8672-5c17d147d9d8/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/ab07c774-3ed2-48d8-8672-5c17d147d9d8/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/ab07c774-3ed2-48d8-8672-5c17d147d9d8","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/ab07c774-3ed2-48d8-8672-5c17d147d9d8/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/ab07c774-3ed2-48d8-8672-5c17d147d9d8/search"},"page":{"printed_page":186,"pdf_page":195,"physical_index":195,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"4c9b4ab38216f79225ec9fb212fc5700dc9a839bb85e66d15b3a337f7159a9f1"},"chapter":"包容他者","content":"民主在一定意义上可以是一种共同的实践。但施米特并没有认为这种共同性是公民相互之间在较高层次上进行沟通的主体间性；如果是这种主体间性，公民相互之间就应当是自由而平等的。相反，施米特把共同性物化为民众的同类性。平等的规范被还原成同属一个民族的事实：\n\n民主平等是一种实质性的平等。由于所有国家公民在实质上都是一样的，因此，他们会受到平等对待，拥有平等的选举权和决定权等。14\n\n把国民实质化，在概念上还有另外一层意义，就是导致了一种关于民主决策过程的存在论观点。施米特认为，政治意志的形成过程就是一个民族的集体肯定过程：“人民所欲求的之所以是好的，就是因为它是人民所欲求的。”15把民主与法治国家割裂开来，也就暴露出了其深层用意：由于指导性的政治意志没有合理的规范内涵，而只是表现了一种自然主义的民族精神，因此，它也无须从公众讨论当中产生出来。\n\n186\n\n包容他者","previous_page":185,"next_page":187}