{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6","title":"Marx and the Concept of Historical Time","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":null,"requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6","id":"b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6","uuid":"b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6","title":"Marx and the Concept of Historical Time","normalized_title":"marxandtheconceptofhistoricaltime","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":null,"isbns":[],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":200,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/Marx%20and%20the%20Concept%20of%20Historical%20Time","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6/search"},"page":{"printed_page":104,"pdf_page":108,"physical_index":108,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"f41b5a5a27519811ccd392ba4d3271f27fae3ef4e26e36107a36d6421c218921"},"chapter":"第三章劳工向何处去？","content":"最近意大利对“生命政治”概念的一些表述(这是矛盾的，因为相关作者明确地将自己与“传统马克思主义”分离开来)。对于保罗·维尔诺来说，资本家购买了工人的生命和身体，因为“这个生命，这个身体，包含了能力，潜力，动力”20，但对维尔诺来说，这种潜力不可简化为它的商品化，因为生命在本体论上是资本的基础。迈克尔·哈特和安东尼奥·内格里同意：“劳动力的潜力总是超过它与资本的关系，也就是说，人们有能力做得更多，产出也比他们在工作中做的多得多。”21“生命政治劳动力”的实现——对哈特和内格里来说，这是当代人类生活和爱的能力一一因此导致了一种“创造力”，它表达了资本之外的共同点和点。 22\n\n然而，我们可以提出一个更明确的例子，即劳动力只有从其商品化的角度才能理解。像其他任何商品一样，劳动力也有价值和使用价值。像其他任何商品一样，它的价值是由生产它所必需的社会劳动时间决定的，在这种情况下，时间被物化为“一定数量的生活资料”，这是维持单个工人的生存所必需的。因此，与其他任何商品不同，劳动力生产所必需的劳动时间，同时也是劳动力再生产所必需的劳动时间一一无论是在社会上还是在生物学上一使其价值的决定具有了“历史和道德因素”，而这种因素是任何其他商品都不可能具备的。在这方面，劳动力是一种“特殊的商品”，因为它的所有者的死亡直接关系到它的价值的决定。2⁵然而，这种特殊性也必须推广到劳动力的使用价值上。首先，因为人类的死亡率也直接关系到这种使用价值的决定，这一点我们将在后面加以讨论。第二个原因与第一个原因是分不开的，从使用价值的观点来看，劳动力是每一种商品的使用价值和交换价值的唯一提供者。26这个特性\n\n20 Paolo Virno, A Grammar of the Multitude, trans. Isabella Bertoletti, James Cascaito, and Andrea Casson (Los Angeles and New York: Semiotext(e), 2004), 82-3.\n\n21 Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Commonwealth (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009), 151.\n\n22 Ibid. 315.\n\n23 Marx, Kapital 1, 185 (Capital 1, 274).\n\n24 Marx, Capital 1, 275. By this Marx primarily means the strength and organisation of the working-class. Class struggle features in the analysis of the production-process the next chapter.\n\n26 Like value, exchange-value’ is a purely relational category. It is nothing but the form of appearance, the manifestation, of value as a purely social objectivity, which is to say that not an atom of matter enters into’ it. Ibid. 138. Insofar as exchange-value expresses the quantitative ratio in which one commodity is exchanged for another, money is its necessary and exclusive representative. The question here is whether labour-power is the sole provider of every use- and exchange-value. See Marx, Capital 1, 131, and footnote 28, below.\n\n104","previous_page":103,"next_page":105}