{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6","title":"Marx and the Concept of Historical Time","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":null,"requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6","id":"b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6","uuid":"b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6","title":"Marx and the Concept of Historical Time","normalized_title":"marxandtheconceptofhistoricaltime","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":null,"isbns":[],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":200,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/Marx%20and%20the%20Concept%20of%20Historical%20Time","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6/search"},"page":{"printed_page":132,"pdf_page":136,"physical_index":136,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"8a8e2151c750026266cd46ea4afbd3143cbe55cfde0d3a4863bd77a71ae25f19"},"chapter":"第三章劳工向何处去？","content":"与资本主义相对应的是，在共产主义中，衡量财富的标准是自由，而不是必然性。在共产主义中，“财富的尺度……无论如何都不再是劳动时间，而是可以自由支配的时间。正如上面这段话所指出的，劳动时间“始终是财富的创造实体和生产成本的尺度”，但是，如果交换价值—一以及抽象劳动一—实际上被扬弃了，那么劳动时间就不再是财富本身的尺度，因为财富不再采取价值的形式。共产主义中自由和必然性的辩证法是一种非对抗性的辩证法一一用毛主义的话说，它表达了一种“非对抗性的矛盾”一一因为“自由的领域只有在由必要性和外部权宜之计决定的劳动结束的地方才真正开始”，以及“真正的自由领域，人类力量的发展本身就是目的……只有以必然性领域为基础，才能蓬勃发展。150.这样，劳动时间和自由/可支配的时间之间的冲突消失了，不是因为它们之间的差别消失了，而是因为剩余劳动时间消失了。共产主义扬弃了资本主义的“社会必要劳动时间”，因为它在这个时间内消灭了剩余劳动。因此，共产主义是对再生产劳动能力所必需的劳动时间和生产其他一切产品所必需的劳动时间在质量上的同一性的有意识的集体的、因而是理性的承认，而资本主义则代表了对这一同一性的结构性拒绝(尽管事实上它依赖于这一身份)。与此同时，这种扬弃不仅保留而且提高了“社会必要劳动时间”的生产力，但只是在它产生了与资本主义完全不同的社会劳动时间质量，从而产生了完全不同的产品质量的情况下。简而言之，共产主义不允许劳动中有剩余时间的存在。“自由活动”成为这个时代的专属领域，因此劳动——“生活的第一需要”——是财富的基础，而不是财富的尺度。151\n\n然而，共产主义和资本主义之间的本体论差异—一事实上，每一种都产生一种根本不同的时间，因为每一种都产生一种根本不同的时间\n\n149 Marx, Grundrisse, 708. Antonio Negri’ s position tht Communism is the negation of all measure, the affirmation of the most exasperated plurality -creativity' is thus completely at odds with Marx' s position. Antonio Negri, Marx Beyond Marx: Lessons on the Grundrisse [1979], trans. Harry Cleaver, Michael Ryan and Maurizio Viano, ed. Jim Fleming (New York: Autonomedia, 1991), 33.\n\n150 Marx, Capital 3, 958-59.\n\n151 .when the narrow-minded bourgeois form is stripped away, what is wealth other than the universality of individual needs, capacities, pleasures, productive forces, etc., created through universal interchange? The full development of human mastery over the forces of nature, those of so-called “nature\" as well as his own nature? The absolute working out of his creative potentialities, with no presupposition other than the previous historical development, that makes this totality of development, i.e. the development of all human powers as such, the end in itself, not as measured on a predetermined scale? Where he does not reproduce himself in one specificity, but produces his totality? Strives not to remain something he ha become, but is in the absolute movement of becoming?’ Marx, Grundrisse der Kritik der politischen Okonomie, 395-96 (Grundrisse, 488). This wealth comprises a fundamentally different kind of historical time.\n\n132","previous_page":131,"next_page":133}