{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6","title":"Marx and the Concept of Historical Time","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":null,"requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6","id":"b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6","uuid":"b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6","title":"Marx and the Concept of Historical Time","normalized_title":"marxandtheconceptofhistoricaltime","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":null,"isbns":[],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":200,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/Marx%20and%20the%20Concept%20of%20Historical%20Time","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6/search"},"page":{"printed_page":149,"pdf_page":153,"physical_index":153,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"c4e85b3c7bad95b9bdfccf00ae8b1ee876cac7039f049ebe87ec8ab72ab5249d"},"chapter":"第四章《资本论》:思考历史的条件","content":"形式包容和现实包容之间的关系，以及绝对剩余价值和相对剩余价值之间的关系，因为它们更普遍地构成了资本生产过程的内在引擎。\n\n从1861-63年《手稿》开始，马克思著作的一个维度是形式的包容，因此是绝对的剩余价值，“先于”现实的包容和相对的剩余价值。43这样看来，形式包容是“……现实包容的前提和先决条件”。44在一个层面上，这种描述并不令人惊讶:它源于马克思对工作日的考察，即“资本的持续趋势”将工作日延长到“生理上可能的极限”45，以及随后工人为缩短工作日而进行的斗争，可以理解为推动了劳动过程本身的动态转变。这种转变直接提高了劳动生产率，从而缩短了生产工人生活资料所需的时间。以这种方式，形式包容可以被理解为现实包容中三个决定性发展的前提和先决条件:合作、劳动分工和机器的使用。绝对剩余价值的绝对限制产生了实际包容的性质，即“特殊的资本主义生产方式”。根据马克思的观点，只有在真正的包容中，它才能：\n\nThe social productive forces of labour, or the productive forces of directly social, socialised (i.e. collective) labour come into being through cooperation, the division of labour within the workshop, the use of machinery, and in general the transformation of production by the conscious use of the sciences, of mechanics, chemistry, etc. for specific ends, technology, etc. and similarly, through the enormous increase of scale corresponding to such developments (for it is only socialised labour that is capable of applying the general products of human development, such as mathematics, to the immediate productionprocess; and, conversely, progress in these sciences presupposes a certain level of material production). This entire development of the productive forces of socialised labour (in contrast to the more or less isolated labour of individuals), and together with it the use of science (the general product of social development),' in the immediate process of production, takes the form of the productive power of capital.⁴\n\n43 See, in particular, ibid. 1025.\n\n44 Ibid. 1026.\n\n45 Karl Marx, Value, Price and Profit [1865], as cited in Tomba, Marx's Temporalities, 134.\n\n46 Marx, Capital 1, 1024. With the real subsumption of labour under capital a complete (and constantly repeated) revolution takes place in the mode of production, in the productivity of the workers and in the relations between workers and capitalists.’ Ibid. 1035. The expression a complete and constantly repeated revolution’ is Marx’ s self-reference to The Communist Manifesto.\n\n149","previous_page":148,"next_page":150}