{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6","title":"Marx and the Concept of Historical Time","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":null,"requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6","id":"b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6","uuid":"b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6","title":"Marx and the Concept of Historical Time","normalized_title":"marxandtheconceptofhistoricaltime","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":null,"isbns":[],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":200,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/Marx%20and%20the%20Concept%20of%20Historical%20Time","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/b1ad407a-d523-4f8b-bd50-238767f146d6/search"},"page":{"printed_page":150,"pdf_page":154,"physical_index":154,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"8c4b730ed793fd251d32d0b213e205591c493693fb637dba6a170f03ef161b13"},"chapter":"第四章《资本论》:思考历史的条件","content":"正如这篇文章所表明的，真正的、而不是形式上的包容是资本主义内部“社会劳动”的实现。这种社会劳动是由单个资本之间的竞争所刺激的：组织和技术创新是由个体资本家希望以低于其现有社会价值的“个人价值”出售商品(哪怕只是暂时的)的愿望驱动的(创新，特别是新机器，在同一行业内和不同行业之间不均匀地引入)。然而，最终，形式包容“先于”其真正的对应物，即前者仅仅是后者的“前提和先决条件”的观点，并不是一个令人信服的框架来理解它们之间的关系。事实上，这是一种误导。这不仅仅是因为“从某种角度来看，绝对剩余价值和相对剩余价值的区别似乎是虚幻的。47更根本的是，这是因为，在逻辑上和物质上，形式包容和现实包容之间的关系必须被理解为一种相互构成的关系，一种相互作用，或从一种形式到另一种形式的不断交叉，或者用托姆巴的话来说，就是“绝对剩余价值和相对剩余价值之间的相互共渗透”。48真实的包容既是形式包容的逻辑和物质前提，也是形式包容的前提(反之亦然)。在一个工业部门中采用机器，不仅“延长了那些继续使用旧的、不完善的生产资料的工人的劳动时间”，而且“在那些最初直接采用机器的工业部门中，它还是把工作日延长到一切自然界限之外的最有力的手段”。50根本不存在用现实的包容来“代替”形式的包容:价值增殖过程包含了劳动过程，因为它从一开始就依赖于形式的包容和现实的包容之间的共存和相互作用。真实包容“在逻辑上隐含在资本的概念中”51，因此不能被理解为某种按时间顺序继承了形式包容的东西。这并不能成为我们将真实包容/相对剩余价值置于形式包容/绝对剩余价值之上的借口。前者构成了“特殊的资本主义生产方式”:它们允许资本主义生产“(确立)自己作为一种独特的生产方式，并(带来)一种新的物质生产方式”52(正如我们将看到的，这是真正的包容\n\n47 Ibid. 646. For Marx, relative surplus-value is absolute, because it requires the absolute prolongation of the working day beyond the labour-time necessary to the existence of the worker himself. Absolute surplusvalue is relative, because it requires a development of the productivity of labour which will allow the necessary labour-time to be restricted to a portion of the working day.’ Ibid.\n\n48Tomba, Marx's Temporalities, 155. As Tomba states, it is because of this reciprocal co-penetration that the distinction between the North and South of the world, between First, Second and Third World, between centre, semi-periphery and periphery, and the concomitant typology of advanced or backward capitalisms, loses any meaning.’ Ibid. 155-56.\n\n49 Marx, Economic Manuscripts of 1861-63, 327-28.\n\n50Marx, Capital 1, 526.\n\n51 Arthur, The New Dialectic and Marx's Capital, 76.\n\n52 Marx, Capital 1, 1035.\n\n150","previous_page":149,"next_page":151}