{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"ba5508dd-cbe1-4126-aea9-a8f0fad2633e","title":"交往与社会进化","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":null,"requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"ba5508dd-cbe1-4126-aea9-a8f0fad2633e","id":"ba5508dd-cbe1-4126-aea9-a8f0fad2633e","uuid":"ba5508dd-cbe1-4126-aea9-a8f0fad2633e","title":"交往与社会进化","normalized_title":"交往与社会进化","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":null,"isbns":[],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":284,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/ba5508dd-cbe1-4126-aea9-a8f0fad2633e","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E4%BA%A4%E5%BE%80%E4%B8%8E%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E8%BF%9B%E5%8C%96","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/ba5508dd-cbe1-4126-aea9-a8f0fad2633e/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/ba5508dd-cbe1-4126-aea9-a8f0fad2633e/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/ba5508dd-cbe1-4126-aea9-a8f0fad2633e","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/ba5508dd-cbe1-4126-aea9-a8f0fad2633e/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/ba5508dd-cbe1-4126-aea9-a8f0fad2633e/search"},"page":{"printed_page":82,"pdf_page":111,"physical_index":111,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"e11952b97f33c5f00645f26432b19992b9fc93d97a2b70771ba6975057aa96be"},"chapter":"第二章道德发展与自我同一性","content":"(另一方面)限定制裁于失败的场合(惩罚、羞耻、内疚)。\n\n请对照图表Ⅰb中柯尔伯格关于道德意识诸阶段的定义。正如图表2所表明的，不同的制裁及有效领域与这些阶段是相对应的。\n\n图表 lb 道德诸阶段定义\n\n1. 前习惯水平\n\n在这个水平上，儿童能对文化规则以及好与坏、对与错之类的标准作出响应。但他们对这些标准的理解，或是依据行为(惩罚、奖赏、礼物的交换等)的物质和享乐性结果，或是依据发布上述规则与标准的人所拥有的物质力量。前习惯水平又被划分为两个阶段；\n\n阶段1：惩罚与服从的倾向。行为的物质结果决定着它的好与坏，而不管这些结果的人文意义或价值。避免惩罚与对力量的无条件的服从，都是根据他们自己的是非标准，而不是根据对惩罚权威由以支撑的基础性道德规约的遵从(后者属于阶段4的情形)。\n\n阶段2：工具相对主义倾向。正确行为乃由那种可以工具性地满足自已的需要、偶然情况下也满足他人需要的行为所构成。人类关系被看作类似于市场交换关系，公平互惠、平等共享等要素都被包容于其中。但它们总是在某种物质实用主义的方式中被译解，互惠乃指“你为我搔痒，我就为你擦背”，并无忠诚、感激与正义可言。\n\nI. 习惯水平\n\n在这个水平上，维护个体家庭、集团、国家的期望，作为可在自已的权力中予以评估的东西被接受，而不管其直接的、显而易见的结果。此时的态度不再是仅仅遵从于个人期望与社会规则，而是对社会规则的忠诚，并积极维护、支持它，替它辩护，以至于与卷入其中的个人与集团同一化。习惯水平亦被划分为两个阶段：\n\n82\n\n国外马克思主义和社会主义研究丛书","previous_page":81,"next_page":83}