{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"bd6aae02-10ad-4c93-8cfd-ed3ca405bfac","title":"Capitalism-and-Its-Critics-A-History-From-the","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9780374601096","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"bd6aae02-10ad-4c93-8cfd-ed3ca405bfac","id":"bd6aae02-10ad-4c93-8cfd-ed3ca405bfac","uuid":"bd6aae02-10ad-4c93-8cfd-ed3ca405bfac","title":"Capitalism-and-Its-Critics-A-History-From-the","normalized_title":"capitalismanditscriticsahistoryfromthe","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9780374601096","isbns":["9780374601096"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":681,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/bd6aae02-10ad-4c93-8cfd-ed3ca405bfac","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/Capitalism-and-Its-Critics-A-History-From-the","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/bd6aae02-10ad-4c93-8cfd-ed3ca405bfac/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/bd6aae02-10ad-4c93-8cfd-ed3ca405bfac/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/bd6aae02-10ad-4c93-8cfd-ed3ca405bfac","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/bd6aae02-10ad-4c93-8cfd-ed3ca405bfac/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/bd6aae02-10ad-4c93-8cfd-ed3ca405bfac/search"},"page":{"printed_page":16,"pdf_page":294,"physical_index":294,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"617bc9caaf6366d79c52395946c5302f3ace9f6f5e9d93b000c49389fad50d1e"},"chapter":"CAPITALISM AND ITS CRITICS","content":"“The time was ripe for the fascist solution”\n\nKarl Polanyi’s Warnings About Capitalism and Democracy\n\nIf Keynes’s belief in the salvageability of industrial capitalism and liberal democracy reflected his background in England, Edwardian liberalism, and the mandarin class of a global empire, Karl Polanyi’s much darker view emerged from the tumult and extremism that his native central Europe experienced in the years after the Great War. He was born in 1886 in Vienna, which was then one of the capitals of the sprawling Austro-Hungarian Empire. Like Keynes, he was a product of the educated upper middle class. His father, Mihály Pollascek, was a Hungarian-born Jewish entrepreneur, whose engineering firm built railroads. When Polanyi was young, the family moved to Budapest, where it settled in an affluent neighborhood largely populated by assimilated Jews. The Hungarian capital had a lively arts scene, and Polanyi’s mother, Cecilia Wohl, was an enthusiastic participant. A feminist and a free spirit, she founded a private women’s college, hosted a literary salon, and created an Academy of Eurhythmics.\n\nThe Polanyi family, which adopted the Magyar form of its name after Mihály died, emphasized education. Karl and his three siblings were hometutored in English, Latin, and Greek. (One of his brothers, Michael, would become an eminent scientist and philosopher.) After attending the exclusive Minta Gymnasium on a scholarship, Polanyi went to the University of Budapest, where he majored in law and cofounded a student’s club called the Galileo Circle, which was dedicated to the “defence and propagation of unprejudiced science.”1 Hungary afforded Judaism the same legal status as Christianity, but antisemitism was still widespread, especially among the old Magyar elite. On one occasion, some conservative students tried to disrupt a meeting of Polanyi’s student society, and he got into a brawl with them. The university expelled him, forcing him to finish his degree at the University of Kolozsvár, a city in Transylvania that was then under Hungarian rule.\n\n16","previous_page":15,"next_page":17}