{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"bd6aae02-10ad-4c93-8cfd-ed3ca405bfac","title":"Capitalism-and-Its-Critics-A-History-From-the","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9780374601096","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"bd6aae02-10ad-4c93-8cfd-ed3ca405bfac","id":"bd6aae02-10ad-4c93-8cfd-ed3ca405bfac","uuid":"bd6aae02-10ad-4c93-8cfd-ed3ca405bfac","title":"Capitalism-and-Its-Critics-A-History-From-the","normalized_title":"capitalismanditscriticsahistoryfromthe","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9780374601096","isbns":["9780374601096"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":681,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/bd6aae02-10ad-4c93-8cfd-ed3ca405bfac","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/Capitalism-and-Its-Critics-A-History-From-the","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/bd6aae02-10ad-4c93-8cfd-ed3ca405bfac/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/bd6aae02-10ad-4c93-8cfd-ed3ca405bfac/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/bd6aae02-10ad-4c93-8cfd-ed3ca405bfac","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/bd6aae02-10ad-4c93-8cfd-ed3ca405bfac/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/bd6aae02-10ad-4c93-8cfd-ed3ca405bfac/search"},"page":{"printed_page":21,"pdf_page":396,"physical_index":396,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"2afa29977f383294d5fc6b26800525b31d515b825d9bee1f697a737084050d78"},"chapter":"CAPITALISM AND ITS CRITICS","content":"“The periphery of the economic system”\n\nThe Rise and Fall of Dependency Theory in Latin America\n\nLike the Caribbean, Latin America has a history of colonial plunder, resource extraction, and slavery. By 1945, however, many Latin countries had been self-ruling for more than a hundred years. Colombia and Chile became independent in 1810, Venezuela in 1811, Argentina in 1816, Mexico and Peru in 1821, Brazil in 1822, and Uruguay in 1825. Independence had proved a mixed blessing. Throughout the region, landowning elites with historic ties to the colonizers continued to exercise a great deal of political power, and economies remained heavily dependent on agriculture and the export of basic commodities, such as cacao, sugar, and nitrates. Under the international division of labor that had developed in the nineteenth century, primary production was the role allotted to developing countries. With the notable exception of Argentina, which enjoyed rapid export-led growth during the period before the First World War, it had left much of Latin America mired in poverty and underdevelopment. During the Great Depression, a collapse in commodity prices accentuated the region’s problems and highlighted its enduring dependency on conditions in the industrialized countries. Economic crisis created new political currents. In Brazil, the government of Getúlio Vargas, before and after the autogolpe of 1937 that turned Vargas into a virtual dictator, encouraged the growth of domestic industry using import quotas, tariffs, and credits from the stateowned Banco do Brasil.1 In Mexico, the populist government of Lázaro\n\n21","previous_page":20,"next_page":22}