{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009","title":"正义论","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"7500402449","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009","id":"c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009","uuid":"c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009","title":"正义论","normalized_title":"正义论","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"7500402449","isbns":["7500402449"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":624,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E6%AD%A3%E4%B9%89%E8%AE%BA","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009/search"},"page":{"printed_page":154,"pdf_page":166,"physical_index":166,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"414304d4500cca35c41abd086be8f3b5e3b870a65e9925930dadc321e24514f4"},"chapter":"第二章","content":"有两个为这一把理想植入首要原则的作法进行辩护的理由。首先，最明显的是，达到功利主义者所期望的结果的标准假设可能只有或然的真实性，甚至使人很怀疑其具有真实性。而且，它们的充分意义和应用可能是高度猜测性的。这一批评对于功利原则所必需的所有一般假设也可能是同样适用的。从原初状态的立场来看，依靠这些假设可能是不合理的，而在被选择的原则中更明确地体现理想却是远为明智的。如此看来，各方就将比较喜欢直接保证他们的自由，而不是使其依赖于那种可能是不确定的和思辨的精确统计的计算。而且，正如我在第24节中说过的，在达到一个公开的正义观时应避免复杂的理论论证。与对两个原则的推理相比，功利标准的论据却违反了这一条件。其次，在人们中一劳永逸地互相宣布这些原则确实有一真正的优势，即使功利的理论计算总是碰巧有利于平等的自由，而且事情过去也一直如此也是这样。由于在作为公平的正义中道德观念是公开的，两个原则的选择事实上就正是这样一种宣布。这种集体的声明的优点支持着这些原则，即使标准的功利主义假设是真实的也是如此。在第29节中我将联系公开性和稳固性较仔细地考虑这个问题。在此相关的一点是：虽然一般来说，一种伦理学理论肯定能得到自然事实的支持，但是比起一种实际上可能要求的对世界的偶然因素的完全的理论把握来，还是有充足的理由更直接地把正义信念植人首要原则之中。\n\n154","previous_page":153,"next_page":155}