{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009","title":"正义论","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"7500402449","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009","id":"c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009","uuid":"c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009","title":"正义论","normalized_title":"正义论","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"7500402449","isbns":["7500402449"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":624,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E6%AD%A3%E4%B9%89%E8%AE%BA","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009/search"},"page":{"printed_page":156,"pdf_page":168,"physical_index":168,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"8e463f3cfaff9db5f1fcfde1236b201d710176d1f2a4c42c12be1fc31754541a"},"chapter":"第二章","content":"在这些功利原则中，哪一个在原初状态中将比较可取呢？为回答这一问题，我们应当注意到：如果人口数量保持不变，两者则趋于同一，但当人数变化时就出现了差别。古典原则要求：就制度影响着家庭的大小、结婚的年龄等等而言，它们应当安排得使最大的功利总额能够达到。由此得出只要每个入的平均功利在人数增加时足够慢地降低，就应当无限制地鼓励人口的增加，而不管平均功利降得如何低。在这种情况下，因人口增加而增长的功利总额足以抵偿人均份额的下降。作为一个正义的问题而非选择权的问题，一种很低的平均福利可能还是需要的（见图11）。\n\n人口的无限增加\n\n形式上，无限增加的人口的条件是曲线 ${ \\pmb y } = { \\pmb F } ( { \\pmb x } )$ (设y是人平均量，x是人口数)应当比等轴双曲线 $x y = C$ 平直。由于xy等于功利总额，那么，代表这一总额的矩形面积就在曲线 ${ \\pmb y } = { \\pmb F } \\{ { \\pmb x } \\}$ 比$x y = C$ 平直的任何时候，随着x的增加而增加。\n\n现在，古典原则的结果看来表明它将被赞成平均原则的各方拒绝。两个原则仅在假定平均福利总是下降得足够快(至少超出某一点）以致双方不再有严重分歧的情况下，才趋于相同。但这一假定是成问题的。从原初状态中人们的立场看，同意某种平均福利的最低额看来是较合理的。由于各方都旨在推进他们自已的利益，他们在任何情况下都没有最大限度地增加满足总额的欲望。因此，我假定，功利主义中可替换两个正义原则的较合理对象是平均原则而非古典原则。\n\n156","previous_page":155,"next_page":157}