{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009","title":"正义论","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"7500402449","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009","id":"c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009","uuid":"c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009","title":"正义论","normalized_title":"正义论","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"7500402449","isbns":["7500402449"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":624,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E6%AD%A3%E4%B9%89%E8%AE%BA","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009/search"},"page":{"printed_page":24,"pdf_page":36,"physical_index":36,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"ff9242cef0d3ecc175f1f1dc0c6ce0ed93c529f1485ca20b0406f6b3567d64aa"},"chapter":"正 义 论","content":"达到功利主义的最自然方式（当然不是唯一方式)，就是对作为一个整体的社会采取对一个人适用的合理选择原则。一旦认识到这一点，在功利主义发展史上的公平观察者（impartialpectator)的地位和对同情的强调也就容易理解了。因为，人们正是通过公平观察者的观念和同情的认同，而设想把个人的原则应用于社会的。正是这个观察者被领悟为在把所有人的欲望组织成一种和谐一致的欲望体系，并通过这种组织使许多人融为一体。被赋予同情和想像的观念能力的这个观察者是完全理性的个人，他统一和体验别人的欲望，仿佛这些欲望是他自已的一样。他通过这种方式清楚了这些欲望的强度，在一个欲望体系中恰当地估价它们，然后理想的立法者就试图通过调整社会体系的规范来最大限度地满足它们。按照这种社会观，分离的个人就被设想为多种不同群类，应依据这些差别按照给予需求以最大满足的规则来进行权利和义务的分配以及有限满足手段的配给。因此，这一理想的立法者所作的决定，就类似于一个考虑怎样通过生产这种或那种产品来获取最大利润的企业家的决定，类似于一个考虑怎样通过购买这些或那些商品来得到最大满足的消费者的决定。在这些情况中都是一个单独的人出现，他的欲望体系决定若有限资源的最好分配。正确的决定本质上是一个有效管理的问题。社会合作的观点是把个人的选择原则扩展到社会的结果，然后，为了使这种扩展生效，就通过公平和同情的观察者的想像把所有的人合成为一个人。功利主义并不在人与人之间做出严格的\n\n24","previous_page":23,"next_page":25}