{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009","title":"正义论","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"7500402449","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009","id":"c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009","uuid":"c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009","title":"正义论","normalized_title":"正义论","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"7500402449","isbns":["7500402449"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":624,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E6%AD%A3%E4%B9%89%E8%AE%BA","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009/search"},"page":{"printed_page":253,"pdf_page":265,"physical_index":265,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"7efa67cca8d3d2b965b2a7b0b164e3088fc67c1083b7a0781a2ccfac1e5d6bc9"},"chapter":"第二章","content":"于是，由于功利主义没有在各种欲望性质之间作出区别，并由于所有的满足都具有某种价值，功利主义就缺少在各种欲望体系或个人的理想之间进行选择的标准。至少从理论的观点来看，这种无选择标准的情况是不正确的。功利主义者可能总是会说，假定社会条件和人们的利益如此，并考虑到它们在这种或那种制度安排下将会怎样发展，那么鼓励这种而非那种需求类型就很可能导致一种满足的较大净余额或较高平均水平。根据这一基础，功利主义在有关个人的各种理想之间进行选择。某些态度和愿望，由于与富有成效的社会合作不太协调，它们便倾向于减少整体的（或平均的）幸福。大致说来，道德美德是这样一些倾向：和有效欲望：依靠它们通常能提高福利的最大总额。因此，不管功利原则在实际运用中要碰到多少困难，认为功利原则没有为选择个人的理想提供一种根据将是一个错误。不过，这种抉择的确要依赖于现有的欲望、现存的社会环境以及它们的自然发展趋势。这些最初条件可能极大地影响应当被鼓励的人类善的观念。作为对照的是：作为公平的正义和至善论两者各自独立地建立了有关个人和社会基本结构的理想观念，以便不仅使某些欲望和倾向必然被遏制，而且使最初环境的影响最终归于消失。我们不知道在功利主义那里情况将会怎样。由于它的第一原则没有孕育理想，所以，按照功利主义的观点，人们活动的出发点就可能总是会影响他们要遵循的路线。\n\n253","previous_page":252,"next_page":254}