{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009","title":"正义论","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"7500402449","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009","id":"c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009","uuid":"c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009","title":"正义论","normalized_title":"正义论","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"7500402449","isbns":["7500402449"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":624,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E6%AD%A3%E4%B9%89%E8%AE%BA","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009/search"},"page":{"printed_page":311,"pdf_page":323,"physical_index":323,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"10aebba7d5ae99738fada1ab0f0d43f241f3e08e7afbfe8fa03e338af92db494"},"chapter":"第二章","content":"在纽曼-摩根斯坦的定义中产生了同样的困难。②可以这样说明这个定义：如果一个人在两种冒险的前景间的选择满足了某些先决条件的话，那么此时就存在着相应于选择对象的功利数值，以致他的决定可以被解释为最大限度地追求所期望的最大功利。这些功利数值的数学上的期望仿佛指导了他的选择；这些功利说明是单值的，达到一个正线性转换。当然，人们并不坚持认为个人自身在决定中使用了一种功利说明。这些数值不指导他的选择，它们也不提供一个审慎思考的第一人称程序。倒不如说，如果一个人在对前景的选择中实现了某些条件，那么至少从理论上来说，观察的数学家能计算这样一些数值，它们把这些选择描述为在确定的意义上最大限度地增加所期望的功利。迄今为止，我们还未涉及关于实际反思过程或个人所依赖的标准(假若有的话)，也没有指出功利数值所相应或代表的选择对象的特征。\n\n①关于这些困难，见斯恩，同上书，第94页，W，S，维克里：《功利、策路和社会次定规范》，载于《经济学手刊》第74卷（1960年），第519一522页。\n\n②对此的解释，见地莫：《经济理论和操作分析》，第512—528页；卢斯和雷法：《游戏和决定》，第12一38页。\n\n311","previous_page":310,"next_page":312}