{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009","title":"正义论","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"7500402449","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009","id":"c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009","uuid":"c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009","title":"正义论","normalized_title":"正义论","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"7500402449","isbns":["7500402449"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":624,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E6%AD%A3%E4%B9%89%E8%AE%BA","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/c3e269f2-c36d-4862-98ef-fa37a2f8b009/search"},"page":{"printed_page":491,"pdf_page":503,"physical_index":503,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"502d07793bd13fb3aca8f4cce2b4a1cc79196633d3f7d4a49fdaf2807aab1eaa"},"chapter":"第八章","content":"77. 平等的基础\n\n我现在转入对平等的基础，即对人的特征的讨论，由于这些特征，人们只应当受到合乎正义原则的对待。我们对动物的行为不受这些正义原则的调节，或者是人们普遍地相信这些行为不受正义原则的调节。那么，我们究竞根据何种理由来区别人类和其它生物，又以何种理由认为正义的约束仅限于我们对人的关系之中呢？我们必须考察决定着正义观念适用的范围的是什么。\n\n为澄清我们的问题，我们可以区别平等概念适用的三种水准。首先是作为公共规则体系的制度的管理。在这里平等基本上是作为规则性的正义。它意味着公正地按规则办事，并按照以(由法则和先例规定的）类似情况类似处理等（见第38节）准则对各种规则作一致的解释。这个水准上的平等是常识意义士的正义观念中最少争论的因素。①平等的第二种应用要困难得多，它是在制度的实质结构方面的应用。在这里，平等的意义是由正义原则规定的，这些正义原则要求每个人都有其平等的基本权利。动物可能已经被排除在外了，对它们当然有某些保护措施，但它们的地位不同于人的地位。但是，这种结果并没有得到过解释。然而我们仍然需要考虑哪些种类的人应得到正义的保障。这把我们带到了平等应用的第三种水准上，在这里平等的问题就产生。\n\n①见西季维克的《伦理学方法》，第496页。\n\n491","previous_page":490,"next_page":492}