{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f","title":"时间社会学","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303096213","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f","id":"cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f","uuid":"cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f","title":"时间社会学","normalized_title":"时间社会学","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303096213","isbns":["9787303096213","0333440927"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":302,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f/search"},"page":{"printed_page":108,"pdf_page":154,"physical_index":154,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"71a2ddd5ae2a449b53dd6e1261e6a7b3b9cbaf377b78649e42ca20522db5338c"},"chapter":"第七章 资本主义时间意识的形成①","content":"“手工制造业”阶段，复杂的功能分化提高了社会劳动生产率，使农村的大片土地和众多生产部门从属于城市资本家。但是，此时劳动对资本的从属关系依然是外在的、形式化的。生产任务分工仅仅改变了生产形式；劳动过程依然和前资本主义时期的情况一样。随着以机器为基础的生产方式的出现，“现代工业”阶段到来了，它包含了劳动和工厂制。在英国，机器是在18世纪最后三分之一的时间里被引入到生产过程中的。现在看来，从这一时间一直到1880年，正是手工制造业逐渐向现代工业调整和转变的时期：起初，手工制造业与现代工业并行不悖，后来，后者依据生产部门和地区上的需要逐渐把前者并入了自己的体系。①现代工业要求在技术和组织方面对以大城市作为其劳动力主要来源的生产过程进行变革。但最重要的是，现代工业若要实现工人与机器的结合，就需要工人规训。这就要求对工人进行培训，直至他们把一种与上述（人与机器的）重组相适应的新型时间结构视作理所当然。\n\n村民、农民和外包工（outworker）都不需要面对这种被划分开，并被人为规定的时间所带来的问题。在他们那里，“调控生产活动的依然是工作任务，而不是钟表”。②但是，随着人的活动开始被要求与机器的运转实现同步，或者说，“卷入”（entrainment）生产过程，对人类意识重新定时的过程开始在工具性行动与符号性互动这两个维度上展开。\n\n在工具性行动领域需要的是规训。\n\n需要做的是，以规律性和稳定的强度代替无规律的工作冲动；以精确性和标准化代替个人设计；以对设备和生产资料的谨慎使用取代倾注于劳动工具上的自豪感。①\n\n时间社会学\n\n① 参见 Samual, R. (1977)Workshop of the World: Steam Power and Hand Technology in Mid-Victorial Britain', History Workshop, 3, pp. 6 — 72; Gregory, D. (1978)‘The Process of Industrial Change 1739—1900’in R. A. Dodgson and R. A. Butlin (eds). A Historical Geography of England and Wales, London: Academic Press; Gregory, D. (1981) Regional Transformation and Industrial Revolution, London: Macmillan.\n\n② Thompson, E. P. (1967) ‘Time, Work-Discipline and Industrial Capitalism', Past and Present , 38, p. 73.\n\n108","previous_page":107,"next_page":109}