{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f","title":"时间社会学","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303096213","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f","id":"cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f","uuid":"cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f","title":"时间社会学","normalized_title":"时间社会学","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303096213","isbns":["9787303096213","0333440927"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":302,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f/search"},"page":{"printed_page":192,"pdf_page":238,"physical_index":238,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"0ce2c6c8b56345495f268dab9e1fd30e68195edc10b0afda9a95a55b007c72e3"},"chapter":"第十二章 时间观与社会结构","content":"在美国社会里，一些群体或阶层的时间观可能受到了未来取向的乌托邦思想或者千禧年思想的影响，例如政治党派和宗教团体；而其他群体或阶层，例如南方的古老家族，则更关注过去而不会考虑并专注于现在和未来。②如果人们关注的焦点是此时此地，那么他们会以不同的眼光看待现在，不会把现在视作通向未来的工具或者仅仅是辉煌过去的残留片断。而这些差异既存在于不同的文化之间，亦存在于同一社会中同时代的不同群体之间。\n\n卡尔·曼海姆（KarlMannheim）曾经有力地争辩说：“只有当我们试图根据群体的希望、渴望和目的去理解它的时间观念时才能够清楚地把握群体最深层次的心智结构。”③因此，如果不能理解一个群体的时间观，观察者会更难把握该群体的一般取向，而同属一个社会中的不同群体之间会产生社会沟通障碍。\n\n例如，在美国中产阶级的思想观念中普遍存在着对下层阶级行为的负面成见，这些成见部分地源于以下事实：对于未来指向的中产阶级而言，后者的行为是令人反感和不理性的，它们源于一种短视的时间观—即，现在是首要的，而对未来的思考却被推到了次要位置上；因此，中产阶级愤慨于社会底层因为缺乏远见而导致了高生育率，或者中产阶级会谴责下层阶级缺乏节俭的意识。这其中涉及对现在指向和完成行为（consummatorybehaviour）的不理解，而这种不理解源自一种鼓励为了未来的回报而推迟享受的立场。\n\n时间社合学\n\n① Kluckholm, F. R. (1949—50)‘Dominant and Substitute Profiles of Cultural Orientations', Social Forces, 17, p. 383.\n\n② Warner, W. L. and Lunt, P. S. (1941) The Social Life of a Modern Community, New Haven: Yale University Press; Davis, A. et al. (1941) Deep South, Chicago: University of Chicago Press; Knupfer, G. (1947) Portrait of the Underdog, Public Opinion Quarterly, pp. 103—114.\n\n③ Mannheim, K. (1936) Ideology and Utopia, New York: Harcourt, Brace &. World, p. 188.\n\n192","previous_page":191,"next_page":193}