{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f","title":"时间社会学","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303096213","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f","id":"cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f","uuid":"cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f","title":"时间社会学","normalized_title":"时间社会学","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303096213","isbns":["9787303096213","0333440927"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":302,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f/search"},"page":{"printed_page":193,"pdf_page":239,"physical_index":239,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"da68e7ff49d4955dc9fc9dbb136aee511d52e862ab108ff539d5db328618eaa9"},"chapter":"第十二章 时间观与社会结构","content":"当然，也有例子反映相反的情况。正如边沁（JeremyBentham）在《为高利贷辩护》（Defense of Usury）一书中所说的，“决心为未来而牺牲现在的人自然会成为为现在而牺牲未来的人嫉妒的对象。这就好比吃掉蛋糕的孩子自然就成为有蛋糕的孩子的敌人”。\n\n在时间观上的差异并不总是阻碍一个社会系统的整合；在一定条件下，它们还会有利于它的维持和适应。例如，美国的主流文化强调对未来的乐观态度并且重视为了将来（向上）的社会流动而巧妙利用现在的资源所获得的成功，下层阶级背离了这种观念，反而有助于维持阶级分化结构。如果下层阶级的成员在某种程度上忽视未来，如果他们在某些方面表现出完成行为而不是中产阶级那种推迟享受的做法，①就可能抑制对上层地位的竞争，从而稳定了不同社会阶层之间现有的权力、资源分配。②同样，即便是在像扬基城（YankeeCity）或者琼斯维尔（Jonesville）这样的小镇上，我们也会发现有人偏离主流的未来取向，而倾向于现在或者过去取向（下层群体倾向于现在取向，上层群体倾向于过去取向），这种差异就像一座水坝，阻止了对职业（等级）体系中较高地位的过于泛化的竞争……\n\n如果偏离主流的时间取向依然维护现状，或者至少不会威胁到它，那么主流群体会觉得它们并没有实际影响。例如，宗派主义者只有在周日的礼拜仪式上、沉浸于乌托邦希望之中时才会有不同的时间观，而在一般的工作生活中却还是追求通过个人主义奋斗来取得成功，所以他们只需要面对邻居们温和的嘲弄。另一方面，有些群体的时间观所导致的日常行动违背了或者威胁到了主流文化的基本取向，比如千禧年教派，它们相信基督将再次降临人间，并且拒绝个人主义行为的价值观和职业成就，因此，这类群体会遭受形式上更加严厉的非难和谴责。最后是共产主义或者无政府主义群体，它们以一种乌托邦的名义积极地试图推翻现在的社会，它们的乌托邦是理想中完美社会的写照，所以它们将面临最为严厉的惩罚。\n\n第十二章 时间观与社会结构\n\n① Davis, A. (1946)‘The Motivation of the Underprivileged Worker', in W. F. Whyte (ed. ), industry and Society, New York: McGraw-Hill; Ginzberg, E. (1948) ‘Sex and Class Behaviour', in D. P. Geddis and E. Curie (eds), About the Kinsey Report, New York: Signet; Zweig, F. (1952) The British Worker, Baltimore: Penguin Books; Leshan, L. L. (1952)Time Orientation and Social Class', Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 47, pp. 589 —592.\n\n② Hymam. H. H. (1953) •The Value System of Different Social Classes', in R. Bendix and S. M. Lipset (eds), Class, Status and Power, Glencoe, Ⅲ : Free Press; Schneider. L. and Lysgaard. S. (1953) 'The Deferred Gratification Pattern', American Sociological Review, 18, pp. 142—149.\n\n193","previous_page":192,"next_page":194}